Aramaic word · H1005
בַּ֫יִת
beit-
house
"House" covers a dwelling, a household or family, a dynasty, and, used of a deity, a temple: the god's residence. "The house of God which is in Jerusalem" names one specific building on one specific site.
A Biblical Aramaic word, from the parts of the Old Testament written in Aramaic. Why Aramaic?
Appears 44 times in 38 verses of the Aramaic of the Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) house (of men)
2) house (of God)
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
- Range of meaning
"House" covers a dwelling, a household or family, a dynasty, and, used of a deity, a temple: the god's residence. "The house of God which is in Jerusalem" names one specific building on one specific site.
- Against the English
BSB, KJV, WEB, ESV and NASB keep "house of God." NLT and NIV-style paraphrases often say "Temple." Both are accurate. "House" keeps the idea of God's home, and "temple" keeps the idea of a sacred building.
- How it drifted
Today "house of God" is used for any church building or place of worship. In Ezra it means the one Jerusalem temple, the single legitimate place of sacrifice for Israel's God.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Persian-period Aramaic documents use the same naming pattern. The Elephantine papyri from Egypt (about 407 BC) ask permission to rebuild "the temple of YHW the God which is in Elephantine the fortress" (Porten, TAD A4.7). Ezra 1:3, 5:13–17 and 6:3 use the same phrase in official decrees.
- Range of meaning
Literally "house of kingship": the place where royal rule lives, so "royal residence" or "royal seat." Malkû itself covers kingship as an office, royal rule, reign, and a realm.
- Against the English
KJV and YLT have "house of the kingdom," which can sound like a single building, or like an institution. BSB, NIV, ESV and NASB have "royal residence," and WEB has "royal dwelling place." These are clearer, but they can make it sound like he just means his palace.
- How it drifted
"Kingdom" in modern English usually means a territory. Here malkû mainly means the royal power itself.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Daniel uses malkû again and again for kingship that God gives and takes away (2:37, 44; 4:3, 17, 25, 31–32, 34, 36; 5:18). Babylon was formally the royal city, the seat of the kings and of Marduk's temple Esagila.
- Range of meaning
House, household, or building, and also a temple as the residence of a deity.
- Against the English
English versions correctly keep 'house of God', while NLT's 'Temple of God' states the referent outright. 'Temple' loses the domestic image, and 'house of God' can sound like a modern place of worship.
- How it drifted
Christian usage came to apply 'house of God' to church buildings, which exist mainly to hold a congregation. An ancient temple was thought of first as the deity's dwelling.
- Used elsewhere in the period
The phrase beit elaha runs through Ezra's Aramaic letters and narrative (5:2, 5:13–17, 6:3–8). A Judean community at Elephantine in Egypt, writing in Aramaic about a century later, uses the same form when it calls its god 'Yaho the God' in a petition about its destroyed temple (TAD A4.7).
Where it appears
Ezra · 35
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Ezra 4:24 בֵּית־ [the] house of
Thus the construction of the house of God in Jerusalem ceased, and it remained at a standstill until the second year of the reign of Darius king of Persia.
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Ezra 5:2 בֵּ֥ית [the] house of
Then Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel and Jeshua son of Jozadak rose up and began to rebuild the house of God in Jerusalem. And the prophets of God were with them, helping them.
Here: "House of." The ordinary word for a dwelling. Used of a god, it means that god's temple, the place where he lived among his people.
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Ezra 5:3 בַּיְתָ֤א house the
At that time Tattenai the governor of the region west of the Euphrates, Shethar-bozenai, and their associates went to the Jews and asked, “Who authorized you to rebuild this temple and restore this structure?”
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Ezra 5:8 לְבֵית֙ to [the] house of
Let it be known to the king that we went into the province of Judah, to the house of the great God. The people are rebuilding it with large stones and placing timbers in the walls. This work is being carried out diligently and is prospering in their hands.
Here: 'To the house of': the ordinary word for a temple as a god's dwelling. Here it means the Jerusalem temple being rebuilt.
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Ezra 5:9 בַּיְתָ֤א house the
So we questioned the elders and asked, “Who authorized you to rebuild this temple and restore this structure?”
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Ezra 5:11 בַּיְתָא֙ house the
And this is the answer they returned: “We are servants of the God of heaven and earth, and we are rebuilding the temple that was built many years ago, which a great king of Israel built and completed.
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Ezra 5:12 וּבַיְתָ֤ה and house the
But since our fathers angered the God of heaven, He delivered them into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, the Chaldean who destroyed this temple and carried away the people to Babylon.
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Ezra 5:13 בֵּית־ [the] house of
In the first year of his reign, however, Cyrus king of Babylon issued a decree to rebuild this house of God.
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Ezra 5:14 בֵית־ [the] house of
He also removed from the temple of Babylon the gold and silver articles belonging to the house of God, which Nebuchadnezzar had taken and carried there from the temple in Jerusalem. King Cyrus gave these articles to a man named Sheshbazzar, whom he appointed governor
Here: Here it means a temple. In the ancient Near East a temple was thought of as a god's residence.
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Ezra 5:15 וּבֵ֥ית and [the] house of
and instructed, ‘Take these articles, put them in the temple in Jerusalem, and let the house of God be rebuilt on its original site.’
Here: 'House' was the ordinary ancient word for a temple, a god's dwelling. Here it refers to the building that is to be rebuilt.
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Ezra 5:16 בֵ֥ית [the] house of
So this Sheshbazzar came and laid the foundation of the house of God in Jerusalem, and from that time until now it has been under construction, but it has not yet been completed.”
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Ezra 5:17 בְּבֵ֨ית בֵּית־ in [the] house of, [the] house of
Now, therefore, if it pleases the king, let a search be made of the royal archives in Babylon to see if King Cyrus did indeed issue a decree to rebuild the house of God in Jerusalem. Then let the king send us his decision in this matter.
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Ezra 6:1 בְּבֵ֣ית in [the] house
Thus King Darius ordered a search of the archives stored in the treasury of Babylon.
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Ezra 6:3 בֵּית־ בַּיְתָ֣א [the] house of, house the
In the first year of King Cyrus, he issued a decree concerning the house of God in Jerusalem: Let the house be rebuilt as a place for offering sacrifices, and let its foundations be firmly laid. It is to be sixty cubits high and sixty cubits wide,
Here: In temple language a god's 'house' is his temple, his residence. The phrase stands at the front as the heading of the decree: 'Re: the house of God in Jerusalem'.
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Ezra 6:4 בֵּ֥ית [the] house of
with three layers of cut stones and one of timbers. The costs are to be paid from the royal treasury.
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Ezra 6:5 בֵית־ בְּבֵ֥ית [the] house of, in [the] house of
Furthermore, the gold and silver articles of the house of God, which Nebuchadnezzar took from the temple in Jerusalem and carried to Babylon, must also be returned to the temple in Jerusalem and deposited in the house of God.
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Ezra 6:7 בֵּית־ בֵּית־ [the] house of
Leave this work on the house of God alone. Let the governor and elders of the Jews rebuild this house of God on its original site.
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Ezra 6:8 בֵּית־ [the] house of
I hereby decree what you must do for these elders of the Jews who are rebuilding this house of God: The cost is to be paid in full to these men from the royal treasury out of the taxes of the provinces west of the Euphrates, so that the work will not be hindered.
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Ezra 6:11 בַּיְתֵ֔הּ וּבַיְתֵ֛הּ house his, and house his
I also decree that if any man interferes with this directive, a beam is to be torn from his house and raised up, and he is to be impaled on it. And his own house shall be made a pile of rubble for this offense.
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Ezra 6:12 בֵּית־ [the] house of
May God, who has caused His Name to dwell there, overthrow any king or people who lifts a hand to alter this decree or to destroy this house of God in Jerusalem. I, Darius, have issued the decree. Let it be carried out with diligence.
Here: "House of". This is the usual way to say "temple": a god's house.
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Ezra 6:15 בַּיְתָ֣ה house the
And this temple was completed on the third day of the month of Adar, in the sixth year of the reign of King Darius.
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Ezra 6:16 בֵּית־ [the] house of
Then the people of Israel—the priests, the Levites, and the rest of the exiles—celebrated the dedication of the house of God with joy.
Here: The ordinary word for a house, used for a temple because a temple was understood as a god's residence. This is the building whose completion verse 15 has just reported.
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Ezra 6:17 בֵּית־ [the] house of
For the dedication of the house of God they offered a hundred bulls, two hundred rams, four hundred lambs, and a sin offering for all Israel of twelve male goats, one for each tribe of Israel.
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Ezra 7:16 לְבֵ֥ית for [the] house of
together with all the silver and gold you may find in all the province of Babylon, as well as the freewill offerings of the people and priests to the house of their God in Jerusalem.
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Ezra 7:17 בֵּ֥ית [the] house of
With this money, therefore, you are to buy as many bulls, rams, and lambs as needed, together with their grain offerings and drink offerings, and offer them on the altar at the house of your God in Jerusalem.
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Ezra 7:19 בֵּ֣ית [the] house of
You must deliver to the God of Jerusalem all the articles given to you for the service of the house of your God.
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Ezra 7:20 בֵּ֣ית בֵּ֖ית [the] house of
And if anything else is needed for the house of your God that you may have occasion to supply, you may pay for it from the royal treasury.
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Ezra 7:23 לְבֵ֖ית for [the] house of
Whatever is commanded by the God of heaven must be done diligently for His house. For why should wrath fall on the realm of the king and his sons?
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Ezra 7:24 בֵּ֖ית [the] house of
And be advised that you have no authority to impose tribute, duty, or toll on any of the priests, Levites, singers, doorkeepers, temple servants, or other servants of this house of God.
Daniel · 9
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Daniel 2:5 וּבָתֵּיכ֖וֹן and houses your
The king replied to the astrologers, “My word is final: If you do not tell me the dream and its interpretation, you will be cut into pieces and your houses will be reduced to rubble.
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Daniel 2:17 לְבַיְתֵ֣הּ to house his
Then Daniel returned to his house and explained the matter to his friends Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah,
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Daniel 3:29 וּבַיְתֵ֖הּ and house his
Therefore I decree that the people of any nation or language who say anything offensive against the God of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego will be cut into pieces and their houses reduced to rubble. For there is no other god who can deliver in this way.”
Here: The offender's house, meaning his home and in effect his household and property. Destroying it wiped out his family line and his memory as well as his person.
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Daniel 4:4 בְּבֵיתִ֔י in house my
I, Nebuchadnezzar, was at ease in my house and flourishing in my palace.
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Daniel 4:30 לְבֵ֣ית to a house of
the king exclaimed, “Is this not Babylon the Great, which I myself have built as a royal residence by the might of my power and for the glory of my majesty?”
Here: "For / as a house of." The preposition gives the purpose or the role: he built the city to serve as the house of kingship.
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Daniel 5:3 בֵ֥ית [was] [the] house of
Thus they brought in the gold vessels that had been taken from the temple, the house of God in Jerusalem, and the king drank from them, along with his nobles, his wives, and his concubines.
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Daniel 5:10 לְבֵ֥ית to [the] house of
Hearing the outcry of the king and his nobles, the queen entered the banquet hall. “O king, may you live forever!” she said. “Do not let your thoughts terrify you, or your face grow pale.
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Daniel 5:23 בַיְתֵ֜הּ house his
Instead, you have exalted yourself against the Lord of heaven. The vessels from His house were brought to you, and as you drank wine from them with your nobles, wives, and concubines, you praised your gods of silver and gold, bronze and iron, wood and stone, which cannot see or hear or understand. But you have failed to glorify the God who holds in His hand your very breath and all your ways.
Here: 'His house,' meaning God's temple. The vessels are still called God's property even though they have sat in Babylon for decades.
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Daniel 6:10 לְבַיְתֵ֔הּ to house his
Now when Daniel learned that the document had been signed, he went into his house, where the windows of his upper room opened toward Jerusalem, and three times a day he got down on his knees, prayed, and gave thanks to his God, just as he had done before.
Here: His own home, a private space. He does not go to the court or to some public place.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.