Hebrew word · H3409
יָרֵךְ
yerekh
thigh
The thigh or upper leg (Judg 3:16, 21, where Ehud straps his sword on his thigh), the hip or hip-socket (Gen 32:25, 32, Jacob's injured hip), the side or flank of an object (the 'side' of the tabernacle or of an altar, Exod 40:22; Lev 1:11), and the loins as the source of offspring.
Appears 34 times in 32 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) thigh, side, loin, base
1a) thigh
1a1) outside of thigh (where sword was worn)
1a2) loins (as the seat of procreative power)
1b) side (flank) (of object)
1c) base
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of Genesis 24:2
- Range of meaning
The thigh or upper leg (Judg 3:16, 21, where Ehud straps his sword on his thigh), the hip or hip-socket (Gen 32:25, 32, Jacob's injured hip), the side or flank of an object (the 'side' of the tabernacle or of an altar, Exod 40:22; Lev 1:11), and the loins as the source of offspring. 'All the persons who came out of Jacob's yarek' (Gen 46:26; Exod 1:5) and Gideon's seventy sons 'who came out of his yarek' (Judg 8:30) use it for procreation. In the jealousy ritual of Num 5:21–22, 27 a woman's 'yarek falling away' refers to her reproductive body. HALOT and BDB both list the euphemistic, genital-loins sense.
- Against the English
Every major English version says 'thigh'. That is the correct basic sense, but to a modern reader 'thigh' means only the upper leg. Hebrew yarek covered the whole hip-and-loins area and was a standard polite way of pointing to the organs of generation. 'Thigh' is not wrong. It is a narrower picture than the Hebrew.
- How it drifted
English 'thigh' has no reproductive associations. Translators keep it partly because Hebrew itself used yarek as a modest stand-in, so the English keeps the modesty but loses the hint the Hebrew carried.
- Used elsewhere in the period
The oath gesture appears only here and in Gen 47:29, where the dying Jacob makes Joseph swear to bury him in Canaan. Both times an old man near the end of life binds someone to carry out his wishes for his family and line after he is gone. Early Jewish readers took it as touching the circumcision. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan paraphrases it as 'the cut of my circumcision', Genesis Rabbah 59:8 discusses it, and Rashi explains that one swears holding a sacred object and circumcision was Abraham's first commandment. Ibn Ezra preferred a gesture of submission: the servant's hand placed under the seated master. Meir Malul (Vetus Testamentum, 1987) drew attention to an Akkadian letter in which touching the genitals seems to accompany a solemn declaration, which gives possible but limited support from the wider ancient Near East. The LXX translates literally (ὑπὸ τὸν μηρόν μου, 'under my thigh'), as does the Vulgate (subter femur meum).
From the study of Exodus 25:31
- Range of meaning
Thigh, hip, loins (Gen 24:2; 32:25; 46:26 'those who came from his loins'); by extension the side or rear part of something (Exod 40:22, 'the side of the tabernacle'), and here the base or lower part of an object.
- Against the English
BSB/WEB/ESV/YLT 'base'; KJV 'shaft'. KJV then uses 'branches' for qaneh, which in this verse is the single central stem, so KJV shifts both terms.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Rashi (11th c.) explains it as the foot below, made with three legs; Josephus describes the base; the Arch of Titus shows a stepped polygonal base, possibly a later Roman-era form.
From the study of Numbers 5:22
- Range of meaning
The thigh or upper leg (Gen 32:25, 31), the hip or loins, the side or base of an object (Exod 25:31). It is also a standard polite way of naming the reproductive organs, the source of offspring: "all the persons who came out of Jacob's yarekh" (Gen 46:26; Exod 1:5; Judg 8:30). Oaths were sworn with a hand "under the yarekh" (Gen 24:2; 47:29), probably touching the organs of descent.
- Against the English
English "thigh" means only the upper leg. Readers of "your thigh to rot" (KJV) or "shrivel" (BSB) may picture a withered leg. The Hebrew points to the organs of childbearing.
- How it drifted
The polite Hebrew idiom was translated literally, word for word, and English has no matching idiom. The KJV's "rot" comes from the Latin Vulgate ("putrescat," rot), not from the Hebrew verb "fall."
- Used elsewhere in the period
Gen 24:2, 9; 46:26; 47:29; Exod 1:5; Judg 8:30. Numbers 5:28 is decisive for this verse: the innocent woman "will be able to conceive children," which implies the guilty woman's punishment strikes at her fertility.
Where it appears
Genesis · 9
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Genesis 24:2 יְרֵכִֽי׃ thigh my
So Abraham instructed the chief servant of his household, who managed all he owned, “Place your hand under my thigh,
Here: 'My thigh': the upper leg, hip and loins. Elsewhere the word is used for the reproductive organs and the source of descendants (Gen 46:26; Exod 1:5). So the gesture very probably touches the place of Abraham's line of descent, the very thing this oath is about.
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Genesis 24:9 יֶ֥רֶךְ [the] thigh of
So the servant placed his hand under the thigh of his master Abraham and swore an oath to him concerning this matter.
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Genesis 32:25 יְרֵכ֑וֹ יֶ֣רֶךְ thigh his, [the] thigh of
When the man saw that he could not overpower Jacob, he struck the socket of Jacob’s hip and dislocated it as they wrestled.
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Genesis 32:31 יְרֵכֽוֹ׃ thigh his
The sun rose above him as he passed by Penuel, and he was limping because of his hip.
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Genesis 32:32 הַיָּרֵ֔ךְ יֶ֣רֶךְ the thigh, [the] thigh of
Therefore to this day the Israelites do not eat the tendon attached to the socket of the hip, because the socket of Jacob’s hip was struck near that tendon.
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Genesis 46:26 יְרֵכ֔וֹ thigh his
All those belonging to Jacob who came to Egypt—his direct descendants, besides the wives of Jacob’s sons—numbered sixty-six persons.
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Genesis 47:29 יְרֵכִ֑י thigh my
When the time drew near for Israel to die, he called his son Joseph and said to him, “If I have found favor in your eyes, put your hand under my thigh and promise to show me kindness and faithfulness. Do not bury me in Egypt,
Here: “My thigh” – the upper thigh and loins, in Hebrew the seat of procreation (descendants “come out of the yarekh,” Gen 46:26). The same oath gesture Abraham demanded of his servant (Gen 24:2, 9).
Exodus · 7
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Exodus 1:5 יֶֽרֶךְ־ [the] thigh of
The descendants of Jacob numbered seventy in all, including Joseph, who was already in Egypt.
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Exodus 25:31 יְרֵכָ֣הּ base its
Then you are to make a lampstand of pure, hammered gold. It shall be made of one piece, including its base and shaft, its cups, and its buds and petals.
Here: Literally 'its thigh/loins', the body's lower trunk; used of an object it means its lower part or base. The lampstand is described like a standing body: thigh (base), then shaft.
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Exodus 28:42 יְרֵכַ֖יִם [the] thighs
Make linen undergarments to cover their bare flesh, extending from waist to thigh.
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Exodus 32:27 יְרֵכ֑וֹ thigh his
He told them, “This is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: ‘Each of you men is to fasten his sword to his side, go back and forth through the camp from gate to gate, and slay his brother, his friend, and his neighbor.’”
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Exodus 37:17 יְרֵכָ֣הּ base its
Then he made the lampstand out of pure hammered gold, all of one piece: its base and shaft, its cups, and its buds and petals.
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Exodus 40:22 יֶ֥רֶךְ [the] side of
Moses placed the table in the Tent of Meeting on the north side of the tabernacle, outside the veil.
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Exodus 40:24 יֶ֥רֶךְ [the] side of
He also placed the lampstand in the Tent of Meeting opposite the table on the south side of the tabernacle
Leviticus · 1
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Leviticus 1:11 יֶ֧רֶךְ [the] side of
He shall slaughter it on the north side of the altar before the LORD, and Aaron’s sons the priests are to splatter its blood against the altar on all sides.
Numbers · 6
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Numbers 3:29 יֶ֥רֶךְ [the] side of
The clans of the Kohathites were to camp on the south side of the tabernacle,
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Numbers 3:35 יֶ֧רֶךְ [the] side of
The leader of the families of the Merarites was Zuriel son of Abihail; they were to camp on the north side of the tabernacle.
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Numbers 5:21 יְרֵכֵךְ֙ thigh your
and the priest shall have the woman swear under the oath of the curse—‘then may the LORD make you an attested curse among your people by making your thigh shrivel and your belly swell.
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Numbers 5:22 יָרֵ֑ךְ a thigh
May this water that brings a curse enter your stomach and cause your belly to swell and your thigh to shrivel.’ Then the woman is to say, ‘Amen, Amen.’
Here: Literally the thigh or hip. It is also a delicate way of naming the reproductive organs: descendants "come out of the yarekh" (Gen 46:26; Exod 1:5). Here it almost certainly means the woman's reproductive organs, not her leg.
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Numbers 5:27 יְרֵכָ֑הּ thigh her
When he has made her drink the water, if she has defiled herself and been unfaithful to her husband, then the water that brings a curse will enter her and cause bitter suffering; her belly will swell, her thigh will shrivel, and she will become accursed among her people.
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Numbers 8:4 יְרֵכָ֥הּ base its
This is how the lampstand was constructed: it was made of hammered gold from its base to its blossoms, fashioned according to the pattern the LORD had shown Moses.
Judges · 4
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Judges 3:16 יֶ֥רֶךְ [the] thigh of
Now Ehud had made for himself a double-edged sword a cubit long. He strapped it to his right thigh under his cloak
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Judges 3:21 יֶ֣רֶךְ [the] thigh of
And Ehud reached with his left hand, pulled the sword from his right thigh, and plunged it into Eglon’s belly.
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Judges 8:30 יְרֵכ֑וֹ thigh his
Gideon had seventy sons of his own, since he had many wives.
Here: 'His thigh': a polite way of naming the reproductive organs and a man's power to father children. The same body part is touched when a solemn oath is sworn on a man's descendants (Gen 24:2; 47:29). 'Seventy… who came out of his thigh' repeats almost word for word the line about Jacob's seventy (Exod 1:5).
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Judges 15:8 יָרֵ֖ךְ thigh
And he struck them ruthlessly with a great slaughter, and then went down and stayed in the cave at the rock of Etam.
Here: The thigh or hip, the strong upper part of the leg (the place Jacob was struck in Gen 32:25). With 'leg' it makes the idiom that English has long rendered 'hip and thigh'.
2 Kings · 1
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2 Kings 16:14 יֶ֥רֶךְ [the] side of
He also took the bronze altar that stood before the LORD from the front of the temple (between the new altar and the house of the LORD) and he put it on the north side of the new altar.
Psalms · 1
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Psalm 45:3 יָרֵ֣ךְ a thigh
Strap your sword at your side, O mighty warrior; appear in your majesty and splendor.
Here: The hip and upper-thigh area. A sword hung from the belt lies along this part of the body. The Hebrew has no 'your' here. 'Sword on thigh' was a set phrase for being armed and ready (Exod 32:27; Song 3:8).
Song of Songs · 2
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Song of Songs 3:8 יְרֵכ֔וֹ thigh his
All are skilled with the sword, experienced in warfare. Each has his sword at his side prepared for the terror of the night.
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Song of Songs 7:1 יְרֵכַ֔יִךְ thighs your
How beautiful are your sandaled feet, O daughter of the prince! The curves of your thighs are like jewels, the handiwork of a master.
Jeremiah · 1
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Jeremiah 31:19 יָרֵ֑ךְ a thigh
After I returned, I repented; and after I was instructed, I struck my thigh in grief. I was ashamed and humiliated because I bore the disgrace of my youth.’
Here: 'Thigh'. Slapping the thigh was a known ancient gesture of grief, dismay and remorse (compare Ezekiel 21:12). It was not a sign of laughter.
Ezekiel · 2
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Ezekiel 21:12 יָרֵֽךְ׃ a thigh
Cry out and wail, O son of man, for the sword is wielded against My people; it is against all the princes of Israel! They are tossed to the sword with My people; therefore strike your thigh.
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Ezekiel 24:4 יָרֵ֣ךְ thigh
Put in the pieces of meat, every good piece—thigh and shoulder—fill it with choice bones.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.