Greek word · G1194

δέρω

derō

to beat up

Derō first meant to skin or flay an animal (Homer). In Koine Greek it means to beat, thrash or flog a person. Aēr (G0109) is the air around us, the lower atmosphere. Together they make a proverbial picture: blows that land on nothing.

Appears 15 times in 15 verses of the Greek New Testament. ·

What it means

δέρω

[in LXX: Leviticus 1:6, 2 Chronicles 29:34; 35:11 (פָּשַׁט hi.)* ;]

1. to skin, flay.

2. (of. Eng. slang, hide) to beat, thrash: with accusative, Matthew 21:35, Mark 12:3, 5, Luke 20:10, 11 22:63, John 18:23, Acts 5:40 16:37 22:19; ὡς ἀέρα δέρων, 1 Corinthians 9:26; εἰς πρόσωπου δ., 2 Corinthians 11:20. Pass., Mark 13:9, Luke 12:47, 48 (δαρήσεται πολλάς, ὀλίγας, Sc. πληγάς).†

(AS)

From G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (1922), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of 1 Corinthians 9:26

Range of meaning

Derō first meant to skin or flay an animal (Homer). In Koine Greek it means to beat, thrash or flog a person. Aēr (G0109) is the air around us, the lower atmosphere. Together they make a proverbial picture: blows that land on nothing.

Against the English

'Beating the air' (KJV, BSB, ESV, NIV, NASB) is accurate. NLT's 'shadowboxing' picks one of two possible pictures (see debates). WEB and YLT keep the literal phrase.

Used elsewhere in the period

In the New Testament derō is always used of real blows: tenants beating servants (Mark 12:3, 5), 'beaten with many blows' (Luke 12:47–48), apostles flogged (Acts 5:40; 16:37; 22:19), 'if someone strikes you in the face' (2 Cor 11:20). Ancient writers describe wasted blows in boxing in a similar way. In Virgil's boxing match (Aeneid 5.377) Dares 'lashes the breezes with blows,' and at 5.446 Entellus 'poured out his strength into the wind' when he missed. Plato (Laws 830b–c) describes boxers training without a partner by 'fighting shadows' (skiamachia).

From the study of Acts 16:37

Range of meaning

Originally 'to skin, flay' (of animals). In Koine it means 'to beat, thrash, flog'. The word is coarse and physical.

Against the English

English versions say 'beaten'. This verse does not name the instrument. The account in v.22 (rhabdizein) shows it was the lictors' rods.

Used elsewhere in the period

It is used of beating servants in parables (Luke 20:10–11) and of beating apostles (Acts 5:40). Paul later counts three beatings with rods (2 Cor 11:25). Rods were carried by Roman lictors and were exactly what the Porcian law had banned from use on citizens. Cicero: 'the Porcian law removed the rods from the body of every Roman citizen' (Pro Rabirio 12).

From the study of 2 Corinthians 11:20

Range of meaning

Classical Greek: to skin, flay. In New Testament Greek: to beat, thrash, strike. With 'on the face' it means a blow to the face, a slap.

Against the English

KJV and WEB 'smite you on the face', ESV and BSB 'strikes you in the face', NIV 'slaps you in the face'. All are accurate. NIV's 'slaps' brings out the insult and fits English idiom. 'Strikes' can make a modern reader think mainly of injury.

How it drifted

Modern English hears a blow to the face as assault, a matter of violence and injury. In Paul's world it was first of all the great insult to honour, the treatment given to slaves.

Used elsewhere in the period

Used of beating servants and apostles (Matt 21:35; Luke 12:47–48; Acts 5:40; 16:37, where Paul protests being 'beaten publicly, uncondemned, men who are Romans'). John 18:23: Jesus to the officer who struck him, 'why do you strike me?'. Face-blows as humiliation: 1 Kgs 22:24 (Micaiah), Isa 50:6, Lam 3:30, Matt 5:39. The Mishnah (m. Bava Kamma 8:6) sets steep fines for slapping a man, and higher still for a backhanded slap, because of the shame it caused.

Where it appears

Matthew · 1
  1. Matthew 21:35 ἔδειραν, they beat,

    But the tenants seized his servants. They beat one, killed another, and stoned a third.

    Here: 'They beat/thrashed.' The word's root meaning is 'to skin', and by this period it meant a severe beating that broke the skin. YLT's 'scourged' gets at how harsh it was.

Mark · 3
  1. Mark 12:3 ἔδειραν they beat [him]

    But they seized the servant, beat him, and sent him away empty-handed.

    Here: They gave him a beating. The verb's root meaning is 'to flay, skin', and in Koine Greek it is the ordinary word for a hard physical thrashing. It is real violence, not a scuffle.

  2. Mark 12:5 δέροντες, beating,

    He sent still another, and this one they killed. He sent many others; some they beat and others they killed.

  3. Mark 13:9 δαρήσεσθε you will be beaten

    So be on your guard. You will be delivered over to the councils and beaten in the synagogues. On My account you will stand before governors and kings as witnesses to them.

    Here: 'You will be beaten.' Here it means the formal flogging that synagogue courts could order. It is not a brawl.

Luke · 5
  1. Luke 12:47 δαρήσεται will be beaten with

    That servant who knows his master’s will but does not get ready or follow his instructions will be beaten with many blows.

    Here: 'He will be beaten.' The future passive points to the reckoning when the master returns. The verb's root meaning is 'to skin', and it was used for hard physical thrashing.

  2. Luke 12:48 δαρήσεται will be beaten with

    But the one who unknowingly does things worthy of punishment will be beaten with few blows. From everyone who has been given much, much will be required; and from him who has been entrusted with much, even more will be demanded.

    Here: 'Will be beaten.' A future passive: the master will have it done. It is the same verb as 'will be beaten with many' in verse 47, so the two cases are measured on one scale.

  3. Luke 20:10 δείραντες having beaten [him]

    At harvest time, he sent a servant to the tenants to collect his share of the fruit of the vineyard. But the tenants beat the servant and sent him away empty-handed.

    Here: 'Having beaten him.' The word originally meant to skin an animal. By this period it meant a hard thrashing, the kind of blows a slave or prisoner might get. The tenants rough up the owner's representative.

  4. Luke 20:11 δείραντες having beaten

    So he sent another servant, but they beat him and treated him shamefully, sending him away empty-handed.

  5. Luke 22:63 δέροντες. beating [Him].

    The men who were holding Jesus began to mock Him and beat Him.

    Here: Present participle running alongside the mocking: the ridicule and the blows went on together. Luke uses the same verb for servants who are beaten in the parables (12:47–48; 20:10–11), so it means real thrashing, not a token slap.

John · 1
  1. John 18:23 δέρεις;¶ strike you?

    Jesus replied, “If I said something wrong, testify as to what was wrong. But if I spoke correctly, why did you strike Me?”

    Here: 'Are you striking me?' The verb originally meant 'to flay, skin' but in Koine Greek means 'to beat, hit.' The present tense makes it immediate ('why are you hitting me?') and leaves the violence open as something still going on.

Acts · 3
  1. Acts 5:40 δείραντες having beaten

    At this, they yielded to Gamaliel. They called the apostles in and had them flogged. Then they ordered them not to speak in the name of Jesus, and released them.

    Here: Literally 'having thrashed'. The Greek is active, but the council members did not do it themselves. It works like English 'had them flogged': a court officer carried out the sentence. It was most likely the synagogue-court flogging of up to thirty-nine lashes.

  2. Acts 16:37 δείραντες Having beaten

    But Paul said to the officers, “They beat us publicly without a trial and threw us into prison, even though we are Roman citizens. And now do they want to send us away secretly? Absolutely not! Let them come themselves and escort us out!”

    Here: Points back to the beating with rods in v.22–23. It is a rough word for a thrashing, literally a flaying of the skin.

  3. Acts 22:19 δέρων beating

    ‘Lord,’ I answered, ‘they know very well that in one synagogue after another I imprisoned and beat those who believed in You.

1 Corinthians · 1
  1. 1 Corinthians 9:26 δέρων· beating;

    Therefore I do not run aimlessly; I do not fight like I am beating the air.

    Here: Present participle, 'thrashing, pounding.' The verb first meant 'to skin, flay' and in New Testament Greek means to beat or flog someone. 'Thrashing the air' is a vivid, slightly comic picture of wasted force. The blows that do land are named in v. 27: 'I give my body a black eye.'

2 Corinthians · 1
  1. 2 Corinthians 11:20 δέρει. strikes.

    In fact, you even put up with anyone who enslaves you or exploits you or takes advantage of you or exalts himself or strikes you in the face.

    Here: 'Strikes, hits.' Together with 'on the face' it means a degrading slap or blow: treating free citizens as slaves are treated. So the list ends where it began, with enslavement.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.