Greek word · G1198

δέσμιος

desmios

prisoner

An adjective used as a noun: 'bound one', a prisoner held in chains or custody. It comes from desmos ('bond, chain'). It is used of people held for trial or punishment (Matt 27:15–16 of Barabbas; Acts 16:25, 27; 23:18; 25:14, 27; 28:16–17).

Appears 16 times in 16 verses of the Greek New Testament. ·

What it means

δέσμιος, -ον (also -α, -ον;

δεσμός), [in LXX for אסר;]

1. binding.

2. bound, captive; ὁ δ., as subst., a prisoner: Matthew 27:15, 16, Mark 15:6, Acts 16:25, 27 23:18 25:14, 27 28:16 (Rec.) 17, Hebrews 10:34 13:3; ὁ δ. τοῦ Χριστοῦ, Ephesians 3:1, 2 Timothy 1:8, Phm 1, 9; ὁ δ. ἐν κυρίῳ, Ephesians 4:1.†

(AS)

From G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (1922), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Ephesians 3:1

Range of meaning

An adjective used as a noun: 'bound one', a prisoner held in chains or custody. It comes from desmos ('bond, chain'). It is used of people held for trial or punishment (Matt 27:15–16 of Barabbas; Acts 16:25, 27; 23:18; 25:14, 27; 28:16–17).

Against the English

'Prisoner' is accurate. What English loses is the physical picture of chains, which Paul elsewhere makes explicit (6:20, 'an ambassador in a chain', en halysei; Phil 1:7, 13 'my bonds', desmoi).

Used elsewhere in the period

Common in Greek of the period for prisoners (Josephus, e.g. Antiquities 18.6.6–10 on Agrippa held in bonds; the papyri). Acts uses it of Paul in Roman custody (23:18, 'Paul the prisoner'; 28:17). Paul calls himself 'prisoner of Christ Jesus' in Philemon 1, 9 and 'prisoner in the Lord' in Eph 4:1.

From the study of Ephesians 4:1

Range of meaning

'One who is bound': a prisoner, especially someone held in chains or fetters. It comes from desmos, 'bond, chain'.

Against the English

KJV 'the prisoner of the Lord' makes it sound as if the Lord imprisoned him. The Greek says 'in the Lord'. ESV/NIV 'for the Lord' reads it as cause (imprisoned because of the Lord). BSB/WEB 'in the Lord' keep the Greek and leave its fullness open.

Used elsewhere in the period

A standard Greek word for prisoners. In the Septuagint it appears in Zechariah 9:11–12 ('prisoners of hope') and Lamentations 3:34 ('all the prisoners of the earth'). In the New Testament Paul calls himself 'prisoner of Christ Jesus' (Philemon 1, 9; Ephesians 3:1), and Acts 23:18 has 'Paul the prisoner'. Studies of Roman custody (Rapske; Wansink) show that prisoners depended on friends for food and care and bore heavy social shame.

From the study of Hebrews 13:3

Range of meaning

Desmios: one who is bound, a prisoner (from desmos, 'bond, chain'). Syndeō: to bind together, tie up along with someone. Passively, to be chained with another.

Against the English

'In prison' (BSB, NIV) suggests a modern penitentiary sentence. 'In bonds' (KJV, WEB) is closer: Roman custody was usually holding before trial or execution, often in chains, not imprisonment as a punishment.

Used elsewhere in the period

Desmios appears in Heb 10:34, where the readers earlier 'shared the sufferings of the prisoners'. Paul calls himself 'the prisoner (desmios) of Christ Jesus' (Eph 3:1; Phlm 1, 9). Syndeō appears only here in the NT; in wider Greek it is used of tying things or people together.

Where it appears

Matthew · 2
  1. Matthew 27:15 δέσμιον prisoner

    Now it was the governor’s custom at the feast to release to the crowd a prisoner of their choosing.

    Here: Literally "a bound one", a man held in chains. It sets up 27:16, where Barabbas is called a "notorious prisoner" with the same word.

  2. Matthew 27:16 δέσμιον a prisoner

    At that time they were holding a notorious prisoner named Barabbas.

    Here: Literally "a bound one" (from desmos, "bond, chain"). The same word as in v. 15, so this is the kind of prisoner the festival custom could release.

Mark · 1
  1. Mark 15:6 δέσμιον prisoner

    Now it was Pilate’s custom at the feast to release to the people a prisoner of their choosing.

Acts · 6
  1. Acts 16:25 δέσμιοι. prisoners.

    About midnight Paul and Silas were praying and singing hymns to God, and the other prisoners were listening to them.

    Here: Literally 'the bound ones', people held in chains or fetters. It sets up the next verse, where 'everyone's bonds (desma) came loose'.

  2. Acts 16:27 δεσμίους.¶ prisoners.

    When the jailer woke up and saw the prison doors open, he drew his sword and was about to kill himself, presuming that the prisoners had escaped.

  3. Acts 23:18 δέσμιος prisoner

    So the centurion took him to the commander and said, “Paul the prisoner sent and asked me to bring this young man to you. He has something to tell you.”

    Here: Literally 'the bound one', a person held in custody, here military custody pending a hearing. It is how a soldier would label Paul in an official setting. It is not a verdict that he had been convicted.

  4. Acts 25:14 δέσμιος, [as] a prisoner,

    Since they were staying several days, Festus laid out Paul’s case before the king: “There is a certain man whom Felix left in prison.

  5. Acts 25:27 δέσμιον a prisoner

    For it seems unreasonable to me to send on a prisoner without specifying the charges against him.”

  6. Acts 28:17 δέσμιος a prisoner

    After three days, he called together the leaders of the Jews. When they had gathered, he said to them, “Brothers, although I have done nothing against our people or the customs of our fathers, I was taken prisoner in Jerusalem and handed over to the Romans.

Ephesians · 2
  1. Ephesians 3:1 δέσμιος prisoner

    For this reason I, Paul, the prisoner of Christ Jesus for the sake of you Gentiles...

    Here: Literally 'one in chains', from desmos, 'bond, fetter'. It points to real custody, not a metaphor. Paul writes as a man under guard.

  2. Ephesians 4:1 δέσμιος prisoner

    As a prisoner in the Lord, then, I urge you to walk in a manner worthy of the calling you have received:

    Here: Literally 'a bound one', a man in chains under guard. Imprisonment was shameful in that world, but here it serves as the speaker's credential and gives his appeal weight.

2 Timothy · 1
  1. 2 Timothy 1:8 δέσμιον prisoner

    So do not be ashamed of the testimony of our Lord, or of me, His prisoner. Instead, join me in suffering for the gospel by the power of God.

    Here: Literally "one in bonds": a chained prisoner (compare "my chain" in 1:16). It was a public mark of disgrace.

Philemon · 2
  1. Philemon 1:1 δέσμιος a prisoner

    Paul, a prisoner of Christ Jesus, and Timothy our brother, To Philemon our beloved fellow worker,

    Here: Literally 'one in bonds/chains'. Paul is actually under guard as he writes (vv. 9, 10, 13, 23). Where his other letters open with 'apostle', this one opens with his chains: he presents himself in a position of low status, not authority.

  2. Philemon 1:9 δέσμιος a prisoner

    I prefer to appeal on the basis of love. For I, Paul, am now aged, and a prisoner of Christ Jesus as well.

    Here: Literally 'one in bonds', a prisoner in real chains. It echoes v. 1 ('prisoner of Christ Jesus') and v. 10 ('in my chains').

Hebrews · 2
  1. Hebrews 10:34 δεσμίοις prisoners

    You sympathized with those in prison and joyfully accepted the confiscation of your property, knowing that you yourselves had a better and permanent possession.

    Here: Literally 'bound ones', people held in chains. These were fellow believers who had been jailed. They pick up the 'partners with those so treated' of 10:33.

  2. Hebrews 13:3 δεσμίων prisoners

    Remember those in prison as if you were bound with them, and those who are mistreated as if you were suffering with them.

    Here: Literally 'the bound ones', people held in chains or custody. In context these are mainly believers held because of their faith or their link to the community (compare 10:34).

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.