Greek word · G1934
ἐπιζητέω
epizēteō
to seek after
To search for or look for. With more force, to want eagerly, insist on, or demand. The prefix ἐπι- adds direction and intensity to the ordinary verb "seek".
Appears 13 times in 12 verses of the Greek New Testament. ·
What it means
ἐπι-ζητέω, -ῶ
[in LXX chiefly for דָּרַשׁ, 4Ki.8:8, Isaiah 62:12, al.; also for בָּקַשׁ, 3Ki.20:1, Ecclesiastes 7:28), Hosea 3:5; פָּקַד, 2 Kings 3:8 ;]
"directive" of ζητέω (MM, Exp., xiv),
to inquire for, seek after, wish for: with accusative of thing(s), Matthew 6:32 12:39 16:4, Luke 12:30, Acts 19:39, Romans 11:7, Philippians 4:17, Hebrews 11:14 13:14; with accusative of person(s), Luke 4:42, Acts 12:19; with inf., Acts 13:7.†
(AS)
From G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (1922), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of Matthew 16:4
- Range of meaning
To search for or look for. With more force, to want eagerly, insist on, or demand. The prefix ἐπι- adds direction and intensity to the ordinary verb "seek".
- Against the English
KJV/WEB "seeketh/seeks after" keeps the sense of chasing something. BSB's "demands" catches the pressure. NIV's "looks for" is softer and could sound like an open, honest search.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Matthew 6:32 uses it for the anxious pursuit of food and clothing by "the nations". Philippians 4:17 and Romans 11:7 use it for something actively sought.
- Range of meaning
To search for, to strive for, to want earnestly, to demand. The prefix epi- intensifies or directs the plain verb zēteō, 'seek'. Used of the Gentiles running after food and clothing (Matt 6:32), of seeking a homeland (Heb 11:14) or the city to come (Heb 13:14), and of crowds demanding a sign (Matt 12:39).
- Against the English
BSB/ESV put it in the past ('was seeking'). The Greek is present: Israel is seeking. NASB, WEB and YLT keep the present. NIV 'sought so earnestly' catches the intensity but puts it in the past.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Common in Hellenistic Greek for intent searching. In Romans the idea runs back to 9:31 ('Israel, pursuing a law of righteousness, did not attain to that law') and 10:2–3 ('a zeal for God… seeking to establish their own [righteousness]').
From the study of Matthew 12:39
- Range of meaning
To search for, look for eagerly, wish for, strive after, demand (BDAG). The ἐπι- prefix often directs or strengthens the seeking.
- Against the English
"Asks for" sounds neutral and polite. "Seeks after" (KJV, WEB), "demands" (BSB) and "craves" (NASB 1995) keep the sense of insistent wanting.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Matthew 6:32, "the nations eagerly seek all these things"; Matthew 16:4, the same saying; Romans 11:7; Philippians 4:17; Hebrews 11:14; 13:14.
Where it appears
Matthew · 3
-
Matthew 6:32 ἐπιζητοῦσιν· seek after;
For the Gentiles strive after all these things, and your heavenly Father knows that you need them.
Here: The prefix epi- intensifies 'seek': to go after, crave, make something the object of your pursuit. The present tense pictures ongoing, habitual chasing.
-
Matthew 12:39 ἐπιζητεῖ· seeks for;
Jesus replied, “A wicked and adulterous generation demands a sign, but none will be given it except the sign of the prophet Jonah.
Here: "Keeps seeking after" or "demands". The present tense shows an ongoing habit, and the ἐπι- prefix makes the wanting more insistent. They are not asking politely. They are pressing for proof.
-
Matthew 16:4 ἐπιζητεῖ· seeks;
A wicked and adulterous generation demands a sign, but none will be given it except the sign of Jonah.” Then He left them and went away.
Here: A strengthened "seek": they want it badly and keep on wanting it. The present tense describes an ongoing habit, not one request. "Demands" (BSB) catches the pressure.
Luke · 2
-
Luke 4:42 ἐπεζήτουν were sought after
At daybreak, Jesus went out to a solitary place, and the crowds were looking for Him. They came to Him and tried to keep Him from leaving.
-
Luke 12:30 ἐπιζητοῦσιν· seek for;
For the Gentiles of the world strive after all these things, and your Father knows that you need them.
Here: A strengthened form of 'seek' (zēteō, used in v. 29 and v. 31). The present tense marks it as an ongoing pursuit: they keep chasing these things as their main concern.
Acts · 3
-
Acts 12:19 ἐπιζητήσας having sought after
After Herod had searched for him unsuccessfully, he examined the guards and ordered that they be executed. Then he went down from Judea to Caesarea and spent some time there.
-
Acts 13:7 ἐπεζήτησεν desired
an attendant of the proconsul, Sergius Paulus. The proconsul, a man of intelligence, summoned Barnabas and Saul because he wanted to hear the word of God.
Here: "Sought" or "was eager". The prefix epi- often makes the seeking more intent. This was a deliberate request, not idle curiosity.
-
Acts 19:39 ἐπιζητεῖτε, you inquire,
But if you are seeking anything beyond this, it must be settled in a legal assembly.
Here: Present tense, addressed to the whole crowd ("you" plural): "you are seeking, you are pressing for." The prefix strengthens the verb. It suggests demanding, not idle curiosity, and fits a crowd that has been shouting for two hours (v.34).
Romans · 1
-
Romans 11:7 ἐπιζητεῖ is seeking
What then? What Israel was seeking, it failed to obtain, but the elect did. The others were hardened,
Here: Present tense: Israel *is still* earnestly seeking. The prefix makes it stronger than plain 'seek', meaning to pursue intently. Paul grants Israel real zeal (10:2).
Philippians · 2
-
Philippians 4:17 ἐπιζητῶ ἐπιζητῶ I seek after
Not that I am seeking a gift, but I am looking for the fruit that may be credited to your account.
Here: Present tense: 'I am not out for' or 'I am not angling for'. It names what a person sets their aim on. Paul denies that the money is his goal.
Hebrews · 2
-
Hebrews 11:14 ἐπιζητοῦσιν. they are seeking.
Now those who say such things show that they are seeking a country of their own.
-
Hebrews 13:14 ἐπιζητοῦμεν. we are seeking for.
For here we do not have a permanent city, but we are looking for the city that is to come.
Here: 'We are earnestly seeking', an ongoing, set-on-it longing and pursuit. It is not a search for something whose location is unknown. It is the same verb used of the patriarchs who 'are seeking a homeland' (11:14). The verb comes last in the sentence, so the verse ends on that longing.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.