Greek word · G2010

ἐπιτρέπω

epitrepō

to permit

To allow, permit or give leave. It is also used of handing something over to someone's charge.

Appears 18 times in 17 verses of the Greek New Testament. ·

What it means

ἐπι-τρέπω

[in LXX (usually with seel. ἐπιστρ-): Genesis 39:6 (עָזַב), etc. ;]

1. to turn to, commit, entrust.

2. to yield, permit: 1 Corinthians 16:7, Hebrews 6:3; with dative of person(s), Mark 5:13, John 19:38; id. with inf. (cf. M, Pr., 205), Matthew 8:21 19:8, Luke 8:32 9:52, 61 Acts 21:39-40 27:3, 1 Timothy 2:12; with inf., Mark 10:4. Pass., with dative and inf., Acts 26:1 28:16, 1 Corinthians 14:34.†

(AS)

From G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (1922), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Matthew 8:21

Range of meaning

To allow, permit or give leave. It is also used of handing something over to someone's charge.

Against the English

KJV's 'suffer me' is old English for 'allow me'. Modern readers can hear 'suffer' as pain.

How it drifted

The English verb 'suffer' used to mean 'allow' (as in 'suffer the little children'). That sense has mostly died out.

Used elsewhere in the period

Moses 'permitted' a certificate of divorce (Matt 19:8, same verb). In the Septuagint, Joseph asks Pharaoh's leave to go up and bury his father, and Pharaoh grants it (Gen 50:4–6).

From the study of 1 Timothy 2:12

Range of meaning

To permit, allow, give leave. Sometimes 'entrust'. In the New Testament: Moses 'permitted' divorce (Matt 19:8); 'if the Lord permits' (1 Cor 16:7); women are 'not permitted' to speak (1 Cor 14:34).

Against the English

'I do not permit' (BSB, ESV, WEB) and 'I suffer not' (KJV, where 'suffer' means 'allow') are accurate. 'I am not permitting' brings out the present tense but can suggest the rule is temporary, which the grammar does not prove.

How it drifted

Modern readers may not know that KJV 'suffer' means 'allow', not 'endure pain'.

Used elsewhere in the period

Paul's other rulings in the first person ('I want', 2:8; 5:14) carry his apostolic authority, whether they are meant to last or to fit the situation.

From the study of Acts 28:16

Range of meaning

To hand something over to someone, to entrust; most often 'to permit, allow, give leave.' In legal and official settings it is the standard word for permission granted by someone with authority over you.

Against the English

KJV 'suffered' (old English for 'allowed'); modern versions 'was allowed' or 'permitted.' All of these are accurate. The KJV word has drifted, though (see the drift section).

How it drifted

Only the KJV's 'suffered' has drifted. The Greek and the modern renderings have not.

Used elsewhere in the period

Acts uses it for official permission again and again: the tribune lets Paul speak (21:39–40), Agrippa lets Paul make his defence (26:1), and Julius lets Paul visit friends at Sidon (27:3). Josephus uses it for Roman permissions too.

Where it appears

Matthew · 2
  1. Matthew 8:21 ἐπίτρεψόν do allow

    Another of His disciples requested, “Lord, first let me go and bury my father.”

    Here: A polite request for permission (the form asks for a single, specific grant). By asking, he admits that Jesus now has the right to decide where he goes.

  2. Matthew 19:8 ἐπέτρεψεν allowed

    Jesus replied, “Moses permitted you to divorce your wives because of your hardness of heart. But it was not this way from the beginning.

    Here: A pointed correction of the Pharisees' word in v.7, "commanded" (ἐνετείλατο). Moses allowed divorce and put limits on it. He did not order it. The aorist tense views the permission as a single act in the past.

Mark · 2
  1. Mark 5:13 ἐπέτρεψεν He allowed

    He gave them permission, and the unclean spirits came out and went into the pigs, and the herd of about two thousand rushed down the steep bank into the sea and drowned in the water.

  2. Mark 10:4 ἐπέτρεψεν Permitted

    They answered, “Moses permitted a man to write his wife a certificate of divorce and send her away.”

Luke · 4
  1. Luke 8:32 ἐπιτρέψῃ ἐπέτρεψεν He would allow, He allowed

    There on the hillside a large herd of pigs was feeding. So the demons begged Jesus to let them enter the pigs, and He gave them permission.

  2. Luke 9:59 ἐπίτρεψόν do allow

    Then He said to another man, “Follow Me.” The man replied, “Lord, first let me go and bury my father.”

    Here: A polite request in the form of a command: 'allow me.' He is not refusing. He is asking for leave, as an inferior does from a superior.

  3. Luke 9:61 ἐπίτρεψόν do allow

    Still another said, “I will follow You, Lord; but first let me bid farewell to my family.”

John · 1
  1. John 19:38 ἐπέτρεψεν gave permission

    Afterward, Joseph of Arimathea, who was a disciple of Jesus (but secretly for fear of the Jews), asked Pilate to let him remove the body of Jesus. Pilate gave him permission, so he came and removed His body.

    Here: An official grant of permission. The body of an executed man was under Rome's control, and only the governor could release it.

Acts · 5
  1. Acts 21:39 ἐπίτρεψόν do allow

    But Paul answered, “I am a Jew from Tarsus in Cilicia, a citizen of no ordinary city. Now I beg you to allow me to speak to the people.”

    Here: An imperative, but softened by the 'I ask' before it: 'please allow'. It asks for a specific, one-time permission. The tribune grants it in v.40 with the same verb.

  2. Acts 21:40 ἐπιτρέψαντος When was permitting

    Having received permission, Paul stood on the steps and motioned to the crowd. A great hush came over the crowd, and he addressed them in Hebrew:

    Here: "When he had given permission." It answers Paul's request in 21:39 ("permit me to speak", the same verb). The Roman commander allows it; this is not Paul seizing the moment on his own. The form describes a finished act before the main action, so a supplied gloss like "when was permitting" is better read as "when he had permitted".

  3. Acts 26:1 ἐπιτρέπεταί It is permitted

    Agrippa said to Paul, “You have permission to speak for yourself.” Then Paul stretched out his hand and began his defense:

  4. Acts 27:3 ἐπέτρεψεν he allowed [him]

    The next day we landed at Sidon, and Julius treated Paul with consideration, allowing him to visit his friends and receive their care.

  5. Acts 28:16 ἐπετράπη was allowed

    When we arrived in Rome, Paul was permitted to stay by himself, with a soldier to guard him.

    Here: 'It was permitted.' The passive leaves the Roman authority who decided unnamed, and it marks Paul's arrangement as an official concession. He did not simply take it.

1 Corinthians · 2
  1. 1 Corinthians 14:34 ἐπιτρέπεται it is allowed

    Women are to be silent in the churches. They are not permitted to speak, but must be in submission, as the law says.

    Here: 'It is permitted', in the present passive. The verse does not say who withholds the permission. It could be church practice ('as in all the churches'), the apostle, or accepted custom.

  2. 1 Corinthians 16:7 ἐπιτρέψῃ. shall permit.

    For I do not want to see you now only in passing; I hope to spend some time with you, if the Lord permits.

1 Timothy · 1
  1. 1 Timothy 2:12 ἐπιτρέπω I do permit

    I do not permit a woman to teach or to exercise authority over a man; she is to remain quiet.

    Here: First person, present tense: 'I do not permit' or 'I am not permitting'. Paul speaks in his own voice as the apostle. The present tense by itself does not show whether the rule is temporary or permanent.

Hebrews · 1
  1. Hebrews 6:3 ἐπιτρέπῃ shall permit

    And this we will do, if God permits.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.