Greek word · G5257
ὑπηρέτης
hypēretēs
servant
An assistant, attendant or aide who carries out another's will: a magistrate's officer, a court bailiff, a king's attendant, a temple guard, a synagogue attendant, an aide on a journey. What defines the word is acting under and for an authority, not belonging to the lowest class.
Appears 20 times in 20 verses of the Greek New Testament. ·
What it means
ὑπηρέτης, -ου, ὁ
(ὑπό + ἐρέτης, a rower) [in LXX: Proverbs 14:35 (עֶבֶד), Wisdom of Solomon 6:4, al. ;]
prop., an under rower; hence, generally, a servant, attendant, minister: of a magistrate's attendant, Matthew 5:25; of officers of the Synagogue or Sanhedrin, Matthew 26:58, Mark 14:54, 65, Luke 4:20, John 7:32, 45-46 18:3, 12 18:22 19:6, Acts 5:22, 26; of the attendants of kings, οἱ ὑ. οἱ ἑμοί John 18:36; of Christian ministers, Acts 13:5 26:16; ὑπηρέται λόγου, Luke 1:2; Χριστοῦ, 1 Corinthians 4:1; δοῦλοι κ. ὑ., John 18:18.†
SYN.: see: διάκονος (AS)
From G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (1922), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of 1 Corinthians 4:1
- Range of meaning
An assistant, attendant or aide who carries out another's will: a magistrate's officer, a court bailiff, a king's attendant, a temple guard, a synagogue attendant, an aide on a journey. What defines the word is acting under and for an authority, not belonging to the lowest class. Such a person could hold real responsibility and public standing.
- Against the English
'Servants' (BSB, ESV, NIV, WEB, NASB) is fair but loses the official, delegated sense. KJV's 'ministers' sounded right in 1611, when 'minister' still meant 'attendant', but today it suggests ordained clergy. YLT's 'officers' keeps the official sense. None of these is badly wrong. The word does not mean 'slave' (δοῦλος, doulos), which Paul uses elsewhere.
- How it drifted
In English the problem is mostly KJV 'ministers', which came to mean clergy. In preaching the bigger drift is the etymology: the word is built from ὑπό ('under') + ἐρέτης ('rower'), and so it is often explained as 'under-rower' or 'galley slave'. By the first century the word had long since lost any link to rowing.
- Used elsewhere in the period
In the New Testament: court officers (Matt 5:25), the temple police who arrest Jesus (John 18:3, 12, 18), the synagogue attendant who takes the scroll (Luke 4:20), John Mark as aide to Barnabas and Saul (Acts 13:5), and 'servants of the word' (Luke 1:2). In Paul's own account in Acts 26:16, Jesus appoints him 'a hupēretēs and witness'. Classical and papyrus usage likewise covers officials' assistants. Even in classical Athenian naval usage the related term (hypēresia) seems to have meant the trireme's specialist crew rather than the oarsmen. Rengstorf (TDNT) and Carson (Exegetical Fallacies) both warn against reading 'under-rower' into the NT word.
- Range of meaning
An assistant or attendant who acts under someone else's authority to carry out set duties. Examples include a court officer or bailiff (Matt 5:25), Temple guards (John 7:32), the synagogue attendant who handled the scroll (Luke 4:20), and an aide on a mission (John Mark in Acts 13:5).
- Against the English
KJV and ESV have 'ministers'. BSB, NIV and NASB have 'servants'. YLT has 'officers'. Today 'ministers' suggests ordained clergy. 'Servants' can suggest a household slave or simply humility. The Greek describes a functional role: an aide entrusted with a job by a higher authority.
- How it drifted
The KJV's 'ministers' comes from the Latin Vulgate's ministri, which meant 'attendants, assistants'. As 'minister' later became a title for clergy, the KJV wording took on an office it never meant. Separately, many sermons claim the word 'really' means 'under-rower', a slave on the lowest deck of a galley. That is an argument from the word's possible origin. In New Testament times nobody heard 'rower' in it, any more than English speakers hear 'butt' (a cask) in 'butler'.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Common in papyri and literary Greek for subordinate officials and aides. In Luke–Acts: Luke 4:20 (synagogue attendant), Acts 13:5 (Mark as aide), and Acts 26:16, where the risen Jesus appoints Paul as 'a hypēretēs and a witness', the same pairing of serving and witnessing found here.
- Range of meaning
An assistant, attendant or subordinate officer: someone who acts on another's instructions. In the New Testament it is used of the synagogue attendant who takes the scroll from Jesus (Luke 4:20), temple police and court officers (Matthew 5:25; John 7:32; 18:3), John Mark as helper to Barnabas and Saul (Acts 13:5), and 'servants of the word' (Luke 1:2).
- Against the English
BSB and WEB 'servant' is close, though it can blur into 'slave' (doulos), a different word for someone owned. KJV and NASB 'minister' now suggests ordained clergy. YLT 'officer' brings out the official, agent-of-authority side of the word. 'Assistant' or 'aide' is probably the nearest modern English.
- How it drifted
The KJV's 'minister' (from Latin minister, 'attendant, helper') meant 'servant or agent' in 1611. Since then it has narrowed in English to mean a member of the clergy.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Classical and Hellenistic Greek use it widely for attendants, adjutants and public functionaries. Josephus uses it for royal and official servants. The word is usually derived from hypo ('under') + erétēs ('rower'), but that origin plays no part in how it was used in the first century. Luke 1:2 pairs 'eyewitnesses' with 'hypēretai of the word', much as this verse pairs 'hypēretēs and witness'.
Similar words
Where it appears
Matthew · 2
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Matthew 5:25 ὑπηρέτῃ, officer,
Reconcile quickly with your adversary, while you are still on the way to court. Otherwise, he may hand you over to the judge, and the judge may hand you over to the officer, and you may be thrown into prison.
Here: The court attendant who carries out the judgment: takes the condemned debtor into custody and to the jail.
-
Matthew 26:58 ὑπηρετῶν guards
But Peter followed Him at a distance, right up to the courtyard of the high priest. And he went in and sat down with the guards to see the outcome.
Here: The high priest's officers, the temple police and court attendants. These are very likely the same men who had just arrested Jesus in Gethsemane (compare John 18:3, 12, 18).
Mark · 2
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Mark 14:54 ὑπηρετῶν officers
Peter followed Him at a distance, right into the courtyard of the high priest. And he sat with the officers and warmed himself by the fire.
Here: The high priest's attendants or guards. These are probably the armed temple men who had just made the arrest (14:43), and the same group beats Jesus a few verses later (14:65). They are not household maids or butlers.
-
Mark 14:65 ὑπηρέται officers
Then some of them began to spit on Him. They blindfolded Him, struck Him with their fists, and said to Him, “Prophesy!” And the officers received Him with slaps in His face.
Here: The high priest's attendants, the temple police on duty. These are officials under orders, not household servants. They take custody of the prisoner.
Luke · 2
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Luke 1:2 ὑπηρέται servants
just as they were handed down to us by the initial eyewitnesses and servants of the word.
Here: Someone who acts under another's authority and carries out a task for them, such as a synagogue attendant or a court officer. Here they are the people charged with carrying the message. It is not a clergy title.
-
Luke 4:20 ὑπηρέτῃ attendant
Then He rolled up the scroll, returned it to the attendant, and sat down. The eyes of everyone in the synagogue were fixed on Him,
John · 9
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John 7:32 ὑπηρέτας officers
When the Pharisees heard the crowd whispering these things about Jesus, they and the chief priests sent officers to arrest Him.
Here: "Attendants" or "officers": the Temple police, largely Levites, under the priests' command. They are not Roman soldiers. The same men arrest Jesus in 18:3 and 18:12.
-
John 7:45 ὑπηρέται officers
Then the officers returned to the chief priests and Pharisees, who asked them, “Why didn’t you bring Him in?”
Here: The temple police: attendants under the authority of the chief priests, sent to take Jesus into custody (7:32). They are subordinates who carry out orders, not decision-makers.
-
John 7:46 ὑπηρέται· officers;
“Never has anyone spoken like this man!” the officers answered.
Here: The Temple police, the armed attendants who served the chief priests. They were low-ranking men carrying out orders, and here they come back without the prisoner they were sent to fetch.
-
John 18:3 ὑπηρέτας officers
So Judas brought a band of soldiers and officers from the chief priests and Pharisees. They arrived at the garden carrying lanterns, torches, and weapons.
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John 18:12 ὑπηρέται officers
Then the band of soldiers, with its commander and the officers of the Jews, arrested Jesus and bound Him.
Here: Men who carry out orders for an authority. Here they are the temple police and staff working for the chief priests (18:3; 7:32, 45). They are not 'officers' in the modern military or police sense of rank.
-
John 18:18 ὑπηρέται officers
Because it was cold, the servants and officers were standing around a charcoal fire they had made to keep warm. And Peter was also standing with them, warming himself.
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John 18:22 ὑπηρετῶν officers
When Jesus had said this, one of the officers standing nearby slapped Him in the face and said, “Is this how You answer the high priest?”
Here: The temple guards and attendants who served the chief priests. John keeps them separate from household slaves (douloi, 18:18). The man is an official enforcer, and he acts to defend his master's dignity.
-
John 18:36 ὑπηρέται attendants
Jesus answered, “My kingdom is not of this world; if it were, My servants would fight to prevent My arrest by the Jews. But now My kingdom is not of this realm.”
Here: The people who carry out a ruler's orders. In this chapter the same word names the temple police who arrested him (18:3, 12, 18, 22). 'My officers' would be his counterpart to theirs.
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John 19:6 ὑπηρέται, officers,
As soon as the chief priests and officers saw Him, they shouted, “Crucify Him! Crucify Him!” “You take Him and crucify Him,” Pilate replied, “for I find no basis for a charge against Him.”
Acts · 4
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Acts 5:22 ὑπηρέται [the] officers
But on arriving at the jail, the officers did not find them there. So they returned with the report:
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Acts 5:26 ὑπηρέταις officers
At that point, the captain went with the officers and brought the apostles—but not by force, for fear the people would stone them.
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Acts 13:5 ὑπηρέτην.¶ a helper.
When they arrived at Salamis, they proclaimed the word of God in the Jewish synagogues. And John was with them as their helper.
Here: In apposition to John (it renames him): 'John, as assistant.' He was a subordinate helper serving the two leaders. He was not a co-leader and not a 'minister' in the clerical sense.
-
Acts 26:16 ὑπηρέτην a servant
‘But get up and stand on your feet. For I have appeared to you to appoint you as a servant and as a witness of what you have seen from Me and what I will show you.
Here: An aide who carries out a superior's orders, like a synagogue attendant, a court officer or temple police. Paul is placed under Jesus' authority as his agent.
1 Corinthians · 1
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1 Corinthians 4:1 ὑπηρέτας servants
So then, men ought to regard us as servants of Christ and stewards of the mysteries of God.
Here: An assistant who acts under someone else's orders and on their behalf, as with a court officer or synagogue attendant. The point is not how low the person ranks but that someone else gives the orders and judges the work.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.