Hebrew word · H2532

חֶמְדָּה

chemdah

desire

From the verb ḥāmad, 'to desire, take pleasure in, covet' (the verb of 'you shall not covet,' Exod 20:17). Rarely it refers to a person: 1 Sam 9:20, 'on whom is all the desire of Israel?' refers to Saul. Dan 11:37, 'the desire of women,' is debated.

Appears 21 times in 21 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

desire, that which is desirable

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Haggai 2:7

Range of meaning

From the verb ḥāmad, 'to desire, take pleasure in, covet' (the verb of 'you shall not covet,' Exod 20:17). The noun means 'desirability' and, by extension, 'a desirable thing.' It is mostly used of valuables: 'precious vessels' (kelê ḥemdâ, 2 Chr 32:27; Hos 13:15; Nah 2:9[10]; Jer 25:34; Dan 11:8), a 'pleasant land' (Jer 3:19; Ps 106:24; Zech 7:14), 'pleasant houses' (Ezek 26:12). Rarely it refers to a person: 1 Sam 9:20, 'on whom is all the desire of Israel?' refers to Saul. Dan 11:37, 'the desire of women,' is debated.

Against the English

KJV's 'the desire of all nations' keeps the abstract word but, together with the singular 'shall come,' invites readers to hear a person whom all nations long for. BSB, WEB, ESV and NLT say 'treasure(s)' and NIV says 'what is desired.' These modern renderings follow the grammar and the context.

How it drifted

Jerome's Latin Vulgate rendered it 'desideratus' ('the desired one,' masculine and personal), and that personal reading shaped Western interpretation for over a millennium. The KJV wording, Charles Wesley's hymn line 'dear desire of every nation,' and the Advent hymn 'O come, Desire of nations' made 'Desire of Nations' a familiar title for Christ.

Used elsewhere in the period

2 Chr 36:10 is the key parallel. When Nebuchadnezzar took Jehoiachin, he carried off 'kelê ḥemdat bêt-YHWH,' 'the precious vessels of the house of the LORD.' Haggai's audience knew the temple's ḥemdâ had been hauled away to Babylon. The Septuagint translates our verse 'ta eklekta,' 'the choice things' (neuter plural). Isaiah 60:5–11 and 61:6 speak of 'the wealth of the nations' streaming to Zion.

From the study of Daniel 10:19

Range of meaning

The word comes from the root ḥ-m-d, 'to desire, take pleasure in, covet'. The plural noun means desirable, precious or choice things: costly goods, treasures, fine food. Used of a person, it means someone valued or prized.

Against the English

KJV and WEB: 'greatly beloved'. YLT: 'greatly desired'. BSB: 'highly precious'. Other modern versions say 'highly esteemed' or 'of high esteem'. 'Beloved' turns the idea into affection. 'Esteemed' turns it into reputation. The Hebrew picture is a treasure: something prized and worth having.

How it drifted

Older English 'beloved' was a formal word, but modern readers tend to hear sentimental or romantic warmth. The Hebrew expresses value from the outside. Daniel is precious in God's eyes, which is not quite the same as being emotionally adored.

Used elsewhere in the period

Daniel uses the word with this sense three times (9:23 'for you are ḥămūdôt'; 10:11 'Daniel, man of ḥămūdôt'; here). It also appears for objects: 'choice food' (10:3), treasures (11:38, 43), and Esau's 'best garments' (Gen 27:15). The root also gives 'You shall not covet' (Exod 20:17) and 'the land of desire' (Jer 3:19). Theodotion translates 'man of desires' and the Vulgate 'vir desideriorum'.

From the study of Daniel 11:37

Range of meaning

Chemdah comes from the root ḥ-m-d ("desire, take pleasure in, covet"). In use it nearly always names the desired thing: something precious or prized that people delight in. Examples: "all the desire of Israel", meaning Saul, the object of Israel's hopes (1 Sam 9:20); "precious vessels" (Dan 11:8, kelei chemdatam); "the treasures of all nations" (Hag 2:7); "a pleasant land" (Jer 3:19). It is rarely the inner urge itself. Read that way, chemdat nashim means "the darling/delight of women", the thing women treasure.

Against the English

KJV, WEB and YLT have "the desire of women". A modern reader takes that as the man's desire for women, meaning sexual appetite. NIV ("the one desired by women") and ESV ("the one beloved by women") keep the sense of a desired object. BSB follows them.

How it drifted

In current English "desire" mostly means an inner appetite, often sexual. In 1611 it also commonly meant "the thing desired" (compare the KJV's own "the desire of all nations" in Haggai 2:7). The second sense has faded, so the phrase now invites a reading about the king's sexuality.

Used elsewhere in the period

The same root runs through this chapter and the next verse: Dan 11:8 (chemdatam, "their precious things"), 11:38 (chamudot, "costly things"), and 9:23, 10:11, 10:19 (ish chamudot, "greatly beloved man"). Ezekiel 8:14 shows a cult particularly loved by women: women at the Jerusalem temple "weeping for Tammuz". In the Hellenistic period Tammuz merged with Adonis, whose festival was kept mainly by women. Many commentators (e.g. Montgomery, ICC; Collins, Hermeneia) see this god here. Others point to the goddess Nanaia, whose temple Antiochus IV tried to plunder (2 Macc 1:13–16; 1 Macc 6:1–4; Polybius 31.9). Neither identification is certain.

Similar words

Where it appears

Genesis · 1
  1. Genesis 27:15 הַחֲמֻדֹ֔ת the desirableness<es>

    And Rebekah took the finest clothes in the house that belonged to her older son Esau, and she put them on her younger son Jacob.

    Here: "The treasured things." This is a noun set beside "garments" to rename them: Esau's choice clothes, his finery. It comes from the root for desiring or coveting.

1 Samuel · 1
  1. 1 Samuel 9:20 חֶמְדַּ֣ת <the> desirable thing of

    As for the donkeys you lost three days ago, do not worry about them, for they have been found. And upon whom is all the desire of Israel, if not upon you and all your father’s house?”

2 Chronicles · 3
  1. 2 Chronicles 21:20 חֶמְדָּ֔ה desire

    Jehoram was thirty-two years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem eight years. He died, to no one’s regret, and was buried in the City of David, but not in the tombs of the kings.

  2. 2 Chronicles 32:27 חֶמְדָּֽה׃ preciousness

    Hezekiah had very great riches and honor, and he made treasuries for his silver, gold, precious stones, spices, shields, and all kinds of valuable articles.

  3. 2 Chronicles 36:10 חֶמְדַּ֣ת preciousness of

    In the spring, King Nebuchadnezzar summoned Jehoiachin and brought him to Babylon, along with the articles of value from the house of the LORD. And he made Jehoiachin’s relative Zedekiah king over Judah and Jerusalem.

    Here: From the root 'to desire, covet'. 'Vessels of desirableness' is the Hebrew way of saying 'precious, coveted vessels': objects valued both for their worth and for their holiness.

Psalms · 1
  1. Psalm 106:24 חֶמְדָּ֑ה desire

    They despised the pleasant land; they did not believe His promise.

    Here: "Desire." Together with the word before it, "land of desire" means a land worth wanting, a treasure. It comes from the same root as "you shall not covet" (chamad). The irony is sharp: they turned down the very thing anyone would want.

Isaiah · 1
  1. Isaiah 2:16 הַחֶמְדָּֽה׃ <the> desire

    against every ship of Tarshish, and against every stately vessel.

    Here: It comes from the same root as 'you shall not covet'. It names what people long to have. 'Ships of desire' are ships that are coveted, or ships loaded with coveted goods: luxury vessels, the pride of a trading nation.

Jeremiah · 3
  1. Jeremiah 3:19 חֶמְדָּ֔ה desire

    Then I said, ‘How I long to make you My sons and give you a desirable land, the most beautiful inheritance of all the nations!’ I thought you would call Me ‘Father’ and never turn away from following Me.

    Here: 'A land of desire': a land people want and take pleasure in. It comes from the same root as 'covet' (chamad), so it means something desirable and prized, not merely nice.

  2. Jeremiah 12:10 חֶמְדָּתִ֖י desire my

    Many shepherds have destroyed My vineyard; they have trampled My plot of ground. They have turned My pleasant field into a desolate wasteland.

    Here: This comes from the root for strong desire ('do not covet' uses the same root). It names something longed for and prized. 'Pleasant' is too weak: this is the land God loves and wants.

  3. Jeremiah 25:34 חֶמְדָּֽה׃ desire

    Wail, you shepherds, and cry out; roll in the dust, you leaders of the flock. For the days of your slaughter have come; you will fall and be shattered like fine pottery.

    Here: 'Of desire': something people want and prize. A 'vessel of desire' is a costly, treasured piece. The proud rulers are that prized object, and they will still fall and be ruined.

Ezekiel · 1
  1. Ezekiel 26:12 חֶמְדָּתֵ֖ךְ desire your

    They will plunder your wealth and pillage your merchandise. They will demolish your walls, tear down your beautiful homes, and throw your stones and timber and soil into the water.

Daniel · 6
  1. Daniel 9:23 חֲמוּד֖וֹת [are] precious

    At the beginning of your petitions, an answer went out, and I have come to tell you, for you are highly precious. So consider the message and understand the vision:

    Here: Literally "precious things," plural, used to intensify: "you are pure treasure," "you are highly prized." Elsewhere in Daniel the same word means costly delicacies (10:3) and treasures (11:38, 43).

  2. Daniel 10:3 חֲמֻד֞וֹת desirableness<es>

    I ate no rich food, no meat or wine entered my mouth, and I did not anoint myself with oil until the three weeks were completed.

  3. Daniel 10:11 חֲ֠מֻדוֹת preciousness<es>

    He said to me, “Daniel, you are a man who is highly precious. Consider carefully the words that I am about to say to you. Stand up, for I have now been sent to you.” And when he had said this to me, I stood up trembling.

    Here: A plural from the root 'desire, prize', used for costly garments, treasures and fine food. 'Man of treasures' means a man who is treasured, highly prized in heaven's eyes. The plural makes it stronger: 'altogether precious'.

  4. Daniel 10:19 חֲמֻד֛וֹת preciousness<es>

    “Do not be afraid, you who are highly precious,” he said. “Peace be with you! Be strong now; be very strong!” As he spoke with me, I was strengthened and said, “Speak, my lord, for you have strengthened me.”

    Here: The plural is abstract and intensive: 'great preciousness'. Daniel is someone treasured and prized, and the context shows it is God who treasures him (9:23). The same word was used for the 'choice food' Daniel had just refused to eat (10:3).

  5. Daniel 11:8 חֶמְדָּתָ֜ם desire their

    He will take even their gods captive to Egypt, with their metal images and their precious vessels of silver and gold. For some years he will stay away from the king of the North,

  6. Daniel 11:37 חֶמְדַּ֥ת [the] desire of

    He will show no regard for the gods of his fathers, nor for the one desired by women, nor for any other god, because he will magnify himself above them all.

    Here: "The delight of": a desirable or treasured object, not the feeling of desire itself. Joined to "women", it names something women cherish. In a list of gods, that is most likely a deity especially loved by women.

Hosea · 1
  1. Hosea 13:15 חֶמְדָּֽה׃ preciousness

    Although he flourishes among his brothers, an east wind will come—a wind from the LORD rising up from the desert. His fountain will fail, and his spring will run dry. The wind will plunder his treasury of every precious article.

    Here: 'Of desire', that is, desirable or precious. It comes from the root ḥmd, 'to desire, covet' (Exodus 20:17). These are the things people long for, now carried off by someone else.

Nahum · 1
  1. Nahum 2:9 חֶמְדָּֽה׃ preciousness

    “Plunder the silver! Plunder the gold!” There is no end to the treasure, an abundance of every precious thing.

    Here: From the root 'to desire, covet', the same root as 'you shall not covet'. 'Articles of desire' are objects people long to own. That makes them both precious and something to grab.

Haggai · 1
  1. Haggai 2:7 חֶמְדַּ֣ת [the] precious thing of

    I will shake all the nations, and they will come with all their treasures, and I will fill this house with glory, says the LORD of Hosts.

    Here: 'The desirable thing(s)': whatever the nations prize, their precious valuables. The form is singular but works as a collective here, which is why it takes the plural verb. Verse 8 ('The silver is mine, the gold is mine') confirms that wealth is in view.

Zechariah · 1
  1. Zechariah 7:14 חֶמְדָּ֖ה desire

    But I scattered them with a whirlwind among all the nations that they had not known, and the land was left desolate behind them so that no one could come or go. Thus they turned the pleasant land into a desolation.”

    Here: From the root for craving or coveting (as in 'you shall not covet'). The land was a treasured, longed-for prize, not just 'pleasant.'

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.