Hebrew word · H8504
תְּכֵ֫לֶת
tekhelet
blue
Three dyed yarns, almost certainly wool, which takes dye far better than linen. Tekhelet: blue-violet, from the snail Hexaplex trunculus (compare Akkadian takiltu). Argaman: red-purple, from murex snails (compare Ugaritic argmn, Akkadian argamannu).
Appears 49 times in 49 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) violet, violet stuff
1a) violet thread
1b) violet stuff or fabric
2) (TWOT) blue (covering spectrum from brilliant red through deep purple)
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of Exodus 26:31
- Range of meaning
Three dyed yarns, almost certainly wool, which takes dye far better than linen. Tekhelet: blue-violet, from the snail Hexaplex trunculus (compare Akkadian takiltu). Argaman: red-purple, from murex snails (compare Ugaritic argmn, Akkadian argamannu). Tola'at shani: crimson, from the kermes scale insect found on oaks. The words name the materials as well as the colors.
- Against the English
English 'blue, purple, and scarlet' sounds like a set of everyday colors. The Hebrew lists some of the most expensive goods of the ancient Mediterranean. Snail dyes took thousands of snails to make small amounts of yarn, and the trade was controlled by the Phoenicians.
- How it drifted
Modern synthetic dyes have made every color cheap, so the luxury and royal associations disappear in translation.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Royal purple worn by Midianite kings (Judges 8:26) and later Persian royalty (Esther 8:15). Tekhelet cord on every Israelite's tassels (Numbers 15:38). The same set of materials appears in the tabernacle's inner curtains (26:1), the entrance screen (26:36), the courtyard gate (27:16) and the high priest's ephod (28:6). Ugaritic and Akkadian tribute lists treat purple wool as a high-value commodity.
- Range of meaning
Yarn, probably wool, dyed a blue-violet colour with dye extracted from the gland of the murex sea snail Hexaplex trunculus. Depending on how the dye was processed, the colour could range from bluish to violet. The word is related to Akkadian takiltu, a blue-purple dyed wool listed in tribute and trade texts.
- Against the English
'Blue' is a fair one-word rendering. But it does not tell a modern reader that this was a luxury dye produced in tiny quantities from thousands of shellfish, so its colour and its cost went together. It was not just 'blue thread' in the modern sense. The exact shade, sky-blue or violet, is still debated.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Akkadian takiltu. Murex dye workshops are known along the Levantine coast. Num 15:38 requires a cord of tekhelet on Israelite tassels, which was a small piece of 'priestly' colour on ordinary clothing. The rabbinic tradition associates it with a sea creature (the ḥilazon). Analyses of textiles from Timna and Wadi Murabba'at have identified murex-derived dyes.
- Range of meaning
Tekhelet is wool dyed blue-violet with dye from the sea snail now called Hexaplex trunculus. Argaman is wool dyed red-purple with dye from related snails. Both were extremely expensive and were made mainly on the Phoenician coast. Together they mark wealth, royalty and holiness.
- Against the English
'Blue' and 'purple' are fair labels, but they sound cheap and ordinary to modern ears. These were the most prestigious colours of the ancient world, worth more than their weight in silver, and 'purple' meant a deep crimson-violet, not lavender.
- How it drifted
Synthetic dyes have made purple and blue everyday colours. In antiquity they meant huge cost and high rank.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Both colours are paired in the tabernacle and the high priest's garments (Exod 25:4; 26:1; 28:5–6). Assyrian officers 'clothed in tekhelet' (Ezek 23:6), idols dressed 'in tekhelet and argaman' (Jer 10:9) and Tyre's purple trade (Ezek 27:7, 16) show the same associations. Daniel 5:29 has purple and a gold chain as the sign of promotion to high office in a foreign court. Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.3.13, describes the Persian king in a purple tunic shot with white. Curtius Rufus 3.3.17 describes Darius III's purple tunic with a white centre stripe.
Where it appears
Exodus · 34
-
Exodus 25:4 וּתְכֵ֧לֶת and violet stuff
blue, purple, and scarlet yarn; fine linen and goat hair;
-
Exodus 26:1 וּתְכֵ֤לֶת and violet stuff
“You are to construct the tabernacle itself with ten curtains of finely spun linen, each with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and cherubim skillfully worked into them.
Here: 'And blue-violet', meaning yarn dyed with an expensive dye made from Mediterranean murex sea snails. The word names the dyed material, not just a colour.
-
Exodus 26:4 תְּכֵ֗לֶת violet stuff
Make loops of blue material on the edge of the end curtain in the first set, and do the same for the end curtain in the second set.
-
Exodus 26:31 תְּכֵ֧לֶת violet stuff
Make a veil of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen, with cherubim skillfully worked into it.
Here: Yarn dyed a blue-violet with an extremely costly dye made from Mediterranean sea snails. The word names the dyed material, not only a color: 'violet stuff.'
-
Exodus 26:36 תְּכֵ֧לֶת violet stuff
For the entrance to the tent, you are to make a curtain embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen.
-
Exodus 27:16 תְּכֵ֨לֶת violet stuff
The gate of the courtyard shall be twenty cubits long, with a curtain embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen. It shall have four posts and four bases.
-
Exodus 28:5 הַתְּכֵ֖לֶת the violet stuff
They shall use gold, along with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and fine linen.
-
Exodus 28:6 תְּכֵ֨לֶת violet stuff
They are to make the ephod of finely spun linen embroidered with gold, and with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn.
-
Exodus 28:8 תְּכֵ֧לֶת violet stuff
And the skillfully woven waistband of the ephod must be of one piece, of the same workmanship—with gold, with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and with finely spun linen.
-
Exodus 28:15 תְּכֵ֨לֶת violet stuff
You are also to make a breastpiece of judgment with the same workmanship as the ephod. Construct it with gold, with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and with finely spun linen.
-
Exodus 28:28 תְּכֵ֔לֶת violet stuff
The rings of the breastpiece shall be tied to the rings of the ephod with a cord of blue yarn, so that the breastpiece is above the waistband of the ephod and does not swing out from the ephod.
-
Exodus 28:31 תְּכֵֽלֶת׃ violet stuff
You are to make the robe of the ephod entirely of blue cloth,
-
Exodus 28:33 תְּכֵ֤לֶת violet stuff
Make pomegranates of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn all the way around the lower hem, with gold bells between them,
-
Exodus 28:37 תְּכֵ֔לֶת violet stuff
Fasten to it a blue cord to mount it on the turban; it shall be on the front of the turban.
-
Exodus 35:6 וּתְכֵ֧לֶת and violet stuff
blue, purple, and scarlet yarn; fine linen and goat hair;
-
Exodus 35:23 תְּכֵ֧לֶת violet stuff
Everyone who had blue, purple, or scarlet yarn, or fine linen, goat hair, ram skins dyed red, or articles of fine leather, brought them.
-
Exodus 35:25 הַתְּכֵ֙לֶת֙ the violet stuff
Every skilled woman spun with her hands and brought what she had spun: blue, purple, or scarlet yarn, or fine linen.
-
Exodus 35:35 בַּתְּכֵ֣לֶת in the violet stuff
He has filled them with skill to do all kinds of work as engravers, designers, embroiderers in blue, purple, and scarlet yarn and fine linen, and as weavers—as artistic designers of every kind of craft.
Here: Wool dyed blue-violet with a dye made from a Mediterranean sea snail. It was extremely costly. In Hebrew the word names the dyed yarn, not just a color.
-
Exodus 36:8 וּתְכֵ֤לֶת and violet stuff
All the skilled craftsmen among the workmen made the ten curtains for the tabernacle. They were made of finely spun linen, as well as blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, with cherubim skillfully worked into them.
-
Exodus 36:11 תְּכֵ֗לֶת violet stuff
He made loops of blue material on the edge of the end curtain in the first set, and also on the end curtain in the second set.
-
Exodus 36:35 תְּכֵ֧לֶת violet stuff
Next, he made the veil of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen, with cherubim skillfully worked into it.
-
Exodus 36:37 תְּכֵ֧לֶת violet stuff
For the entrance to the tent, he made a curtain embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen,
-
Exodus 38:18 תְּכֵ֧לֶת violet stuff
The curtain for the entrance to the courtyard was embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen. It was twenty cubits long and, like the curtains of the courtyard, five cubits high,
-
Exodus 38:23 בַּתְּכֵ֙לֶת֙ in the violet stuff
With him was Oholiab son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan, an engraver, designer, and embroiderer in blue, purple, and scarlet yarn and fine linen.
-
Exodus 39:1 הַתְּכֵ֤לֶת the violet stuff
From the blue, purple, and scarlet yarn they made specially woven garments for ministry in the sanctuary, as well as the holy garments for Aaron, just as the LORD had commanded Moses.
Here: Not a colour in the abstract but a costly substance: wool dyed violet-blue with sea-snail dye. The word 'the' points to the known stock the people donated (35:23).
-
Exodus 39:2 תְּכֵ֧לֶת violet stuff
Bezalel made the ephod of finely spun linen embroidered with gold, and with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn.
Here: Yarn dyed a deep blue-violet with dye from Mediterranean sea snails. This was among the costliest dyed goods of the ancient world. It is not a light 'sky blue'.
-
Exodus 39:3 הַתְּכֵ֙לֶת֙ the violet stuff
They hammered out thin sheets of gold and cut threads from them to interweave with the blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and fine linen—the work of a skilled craftsman.
-
Exodus 39:5 תְּכֵ֧לֶת violet stuff
And the skillfully woven waistband of the ephod was of one piece with the ephod, of the same workmanship—with gold, with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and with finely spun linen, just as the LORD had commanded Moses.
Here: Wool dyed a deep blue-violet with dye from a Mediterranean sea snail. It was extremely costly and linked with royalty and with the sanctuary.
-
Exodus 39:8 תְּכֵ֧לֶת violet stuff
He made the breastpiece with the same workmanship as the ephod, with gold, with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and with finely spun linen.
-
Exodus 39:21 תְּכֵ֗לֶת violet stuff
Then they tied the rings of the breastpiece to the rings of the ephod with a cord of blue yarn, so that the breastpiece was above the waistband of the ephod and would not swing out from the ephod, just as the LORD had commanded Moses.
Here: The costly violet-blue dye, and the wool dyed with it, made from sea snails. It is the colour of the holiest textiles. Here it names the material of the cord.
-
Exodus 39:22 תְּכֵֽלֶת׃ violet stuff
They made the robe of the ephod entirely of blue cloth, the work of a weaver,
-
Exodus 39:24 תְּכֵ֥לֶת violet stuff
They made pomegranates of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn and finely spun linen on the lower hem of the robe.
-
Exodus 39:29 וּתְכֵ֧לֶת and violet stuff
and the sash of finely spun linen, embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, just as the LORD had commanded Moses.
-
Exodus 39:31 תְּכֵ֔לֶת violet stuff
Then they fastened to it a blue cord to mount it on the turban, just as the LORD had commanded Moses.
Numbers · 6
-
Numbers 4:6 תְּכֵ֖לֶת violet stuff
They are to place over this a covering of fine leather, spread a solid blue cloth over it, and insert its poles.
-
Numbers 4:7 תְּכֵלֶת֒ violet stuff
Over the table of the Presence they are to spread a blue cloth and place the plates and cups on it, along with the bowls and pitchers for the drink offering. The regular bread offering is to remain on it.
-
Numbers 4:9 תְּכֵ֗לֶת violet stuff
They are to take a blue cloth and cover the lampstand used for light, together with its lamps, wick trimmers, and trays, as well as the jars of oil with which to supply it.
-
Numbers 4:11 תְּכֵ֔לֶת violet stuff
Over the gold altar they are to spread a blue cloth, cover it with fine leather, and insert the poles.
-
Numbers 4:12 תְּכֵ֔לֶת violet stuff
They are to take all the utensils for serving in the sanctuary, place them in a blue cloth, cover them with fine leather, and put them on the carrying frame.
-
Numbers 15:38 תְּכֵֽלֶת׃ violet stuff
“Speak to the Israelites and tell them that throughout the generations to come they are to make for themselves tassels for the corners of their garments, with a blue cord on each tassel.
Here: Wool dyed an expensive blue-violet, the colour of the tabernacle hangings, the high priest's robe and royal clothing. Putting it on everyone's cloak was a striking statement about status.
2 Chronicles · 3
-
2 Chronicles 2:7 וּתְכֵ֔לֶת and violet
Send me, therefore, a craftsman skilled in engraving to work with gold and silver, with bronze and iron, and with purple, crimson, and blue yarn. He will work with my craftsmen in Judah and Jerusalem, whom my father David provided.
-
2 Chronicles 2:14 בַּתְּכֵ֙לֶת֙ in <the> violet
He is the son of a woman from the daughters of Dan, and his father is a man of Tyre. He is skilled in work with gold and silver, bronze and iron, stone and wood, purple, blue, and crimson yarn, and fine linen. He is experienced in every kind of engraving and can execute any design that is given him. He will work with your craftsmen and with those of my lord, your father David.
-
2 Chronicles 3:14 תְּכֵ֥לֶת violet
He made the veil of blue, purple, and crimson yarn and fine linen, with cherubim woven into it.
Esther · 2
-
Esther 1:6 וּתְכֵ֗לֶת and violet material
Hangings of white and blue linen were fastened with cords of fine white and purple material to silver rings on the marble pillars. Gold and silver couches were arranged on a mosaic pavement of porphyry, marble, mother-of-pearl, and other costly stones.
-
Esther 8:15 תְּכֵ֣לֶת violet
Mordecai went out from the presence of the king in royal garments of blue and white, with a large gold crown and a purple robe of fine linen. And the city of Susa shouted and rejoiced.
Here: A costly blue-violet dye made from sea snails. It was a colour of power and wealth. It matches the palace hangings of 1:6 ('white and violet'), so Mordecai is dressed in the court's own colours.
Jeremiah · 1
-
Jeremiah 10:9 תְּכֵ֤לֶת [is] violet stuff
Hammered silver is brought from Tarshish, and gold from Uphaz—the work of a craftsman from the hands of a goldsmith. Their clothes are blue and purple, all fashioned by skilled workers.
Ezekiel · 3
-
Ezekiel 23:6 תְכֵ֙לֶת֙ blue
clothed in blue, governors and commanders, all desirable young men, horsemen mounted on steeds.
-
Ezekiel 27:7 תְּכֵ֧לֶת blue
Of embroidered fine linen from Egypt they made your sail, which served as your banner. Of blue and purple from the coasts of Elishah they made your awning.
-
Ezekiel 27:24 תְּכֵ֣לֶת blue
In your marketplace they traded with you fine garments of blue, embroidered work, and multicolored rugs with cords tightly twisted and knotted.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.