Aramaic word · H3792
כְּתָב
khetav
inscription
Writing. It covers the script itself, a written text, a written document, and a written rule or edict ('what is prescribed').
A Biblical Aramaic word, from the parts of the Old Testament written in Aramaic. Why Aramaic?
Appears 12 times in 12 verses of the Aramaic of the Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) a writing
1a) writing, inscription
1b) written decree, written requirement
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
- Range of meaning
Writing. It covers the script itself, a written text, a written document, and a written rule or edict ('what is prescribed').
- Against the English
'Writing' (KJV, WEB, YLT) and 'inscription' (BSB, NASB-type) are both fair. Neither brings out the legal-documentary sense the word can carry: a written instrument issued with authority.
- Used elsewhere in the period
In Daniel 5 it is the key word of the chapter (vv. 7, 8, 15, 16, 17, 24, 25). Daniel 6:8–10: Darius signs 'the writing', meaning the decree. Ezra 6:18: arrangements made 'according to what is written in the book of Moses'. Ezra 7:22: provisions 'without prescribed limit', literally 'without writing'. Esther 8:8 (Hebrew kətāb): a document written in the king's name and sealed cannot be revoked.
- Range of meaning
Writing, a written document, an inscription, a written regulation. Also the 'writing' on the wall in Daniel 5. In Ezra it is used for something 'prescribed' in writing (Ezra 6:18; 7:22).
- Against the English
KJV/WEB 'the writing' is literal but can sound to modern ears like 'handwriting'. BSB merges the two nouns into 'the written decree'. ESV and NASB use 'document'.
- How it drifted
Older English 'writing' could mean a formal written instrument, the way 'a writ' still does. Today it sounds vaguer.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Used throughout Daniel's and Ezra's Aramaic for official royal texts. Imperial Aramaic documents from the Persian period (e.g., the Elephantine papyri) show the same habit of written, archived royal orders.
Where it appears
Ezra · 2
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Ezra 6:18 כִּכְתָ֖ב according to [the] writing of
They also appointed the priests by their divisions and the Levites by their groups to the service of God in Jerusalem, according to what is written in the Book of Moses.
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Ezra 7:22 כְתָֽב׃ [is] writing
up to a hundred talents of silver, a hundred cors of wheat, a hundred baths of wine, a hundred baths of olive oil, and salt without limit.
Daniel · 10
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Daniel 5:7 כְּתָבָ֣ה writing the
The king called out for the enchanters, astrologers, and diviners to be brought in, and he said to these wise men of Babylon, “Whoever reads this inscription and tells me its interpretation will be clothed in purple and have a gold chain placed around his neck, and he will be made the third highest ruler in the kingdom.”
Here: 'The writing': the words the hand wrote on the plaster wall (v. 5).
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Daniel 5:8 כְּתָבָא֙ writing the
So all the king’s wise men came in, but they could not read the inscription or interpret it for him.
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Daniel 5:15 כְתָבָ֤ה writing the
Now the wise men and enchanters were brought before me to read this inscription and interpret it for me, but they could not give its interpretation.
Here: The writing the hand had traced on the plaster wall (v.5). The word means anything written: inscription, document, script.
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Daniel 5:16 כְּתָבָ֜א writing the
But I have heard about you, that you are able to give interpretations and solve difficult problems. Therefore, if you can read this inscription and give me its interpretation, you will be clothed in purple and have a gold chain placed around your neck, and you will be made the third highest ruler in the kingdom.”
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Daniel 5:17 כְּתָבָא֙ writing the
In response, Daniel said to the king, “You may keep your gifts for yourself and give your rewards to someone else. Nevertheless, I will read the inscription for the king and interpret it for him.
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Daniel 5:24 וּכְתָבָ֥א and writing the
Therefore He sent the hand that wrote the inscription.
Here: 'And the writing'. This word recurs through the whole chapter (vv. 7, 8, 15, 16, 17, 24, 25): it is the thing the king's experts could not read. In Aramaic and Persian-era Hebrew it can also mean a written royal document or edict.
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Daniel 5:25 כְתָבָ֖א [is] writing the
Now this is the inscription that was written: MENE, MENE, TEKEL, PARSIN.
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Daniel 6:8 כְּתָבָ֑א writing the
Therefore, O king, establish the decree and sign the document so that it cannot be changed—in accordance with the law of the Medes and Persians, which cannot be repealed.”
Here: 'The written document', the decree in its official written form. Written form matters in the story: v. 10 says Daniel 'knew that the writing was inscribed' and prayed anyway.
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Daniel 6:9 כְּתָבָ֖א writing the
Therefore King Darius signed the written decree.
Here: 'The document' or 'the written text'. Written form is what turns a spoken royal wish into fixed law that cannot be changed (v. 8).
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Daniel 6:10 כְּתָבָא֙ writing the
Now when Daniel learned that the document had been signed, he went into his house, where the windows of his upper room opened toward Jerusalem, and three times a day he got down on his knees, prayed, and gave thanks to his God, just as he had done before.
Here: The written decree banning petitions to any god or man except the king for thirty days (6:7). It is the same word used for the hand's writing on the wall in chapter 5.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.