Greek word · G417

ἄνεμος

anemos

wind

Wind, the physical movement of air. It is used of storms (Matt 7:25), of the four directions ('four winds', Mark 13:27), and figuratively of shifting influences ('every wind of teaching', Eph 4:14).

Appears 31 times in 29 verses of the Greek New Testament. ·

What it means

ἄνεμος, -ου, ὁ

[in LXX for רוּחַ ;]

wind: Matthew 11:7 14:24, 30 14:32, Mark 4:37, 39 4:41 6:48, 51, Luke 7:24 8:23-24, John 6:13, Acts 27:7, 14-15, James 3:4, Revelation 6:13 7:1; pl., Matthew 7:25, 27 8:26-27, Luke 8:25, Acts 27:4, Jude 1:12; οἱ τέσσαρες ἄ. τῆς γῆς, Revelation 7:1; hence the four quarters of the heavens (see Deiss., BS, 248; MM, VGT, see word), Matthew 24:31, Mark 13:27; metaphorically, of variable teaching, Eph 414.†

SYN.: πνεῦμα, πνοή (and cf. θύελλα, λαῖλαψ). (AS)

From G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (1922), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of John 6:18

Range of meaning

Wind, the physical movement of air. It is used of storms (Matt 7:25), of the four directions ('four winds', Mark 13:27), and figuratively of shifting influences ('every wind of teaching', Eph 4:14).

Against the English

'Wind' is an accurate translation. NLT's 'gale swept down upon them' adds detail the Greek does not state, though it suits the geography.

Used elsewhere in the period

Standard Greek from Homer onward. In the Gospel storm stories the anemos is what Jesus rebukes (Mark 4:39) and what ceases (Mark 6:51; Matt 14:32).

From the study of Revelation 7:1

Range of meaning

Wind as a physical force: breeze, gale, storm wind. 'The four winds' is a set phrase for the winds from the four directions, and by extension for 'every direction' or 'the whole earth'.

Against the English

English 'wind' is accurate. What English readers miss is the prophetic background: in the Hebrew Bible the four winds are often God's instruments of devastating judgment, not neutral weather.

Used elsewhere in the period

Jer 49:36: 'I will bring upon Elam the four winds from the four quarters of heaven, and scatter them.' Dan 7:2: 'the four winds of heaven were stirring up the great sea', which brings up the four beasts. Zech 6:1–8: four chariots with coloured horses are explained as 'the four winds/spirits of heaven' going out over the earth. Zech 2:6 and Ezek 37:9 use the phrase for every direction. Sirach 39:28: 'there are winds created for vengeance, and in their anger they lay on their scourges'. 1 Enoch 76 describes twelve wind-gates, some bringing blessing and some 'destruction'. The hot east wind (Hebrew qadim) that withers trees and crops is a stock image of judgment (Hos 13:15; Ezek 17:10; Jonah 4:8).

From the study of Mark 13:27

Range of meaning

'The four winds' means the four quarters of the compass, named after the winds that blow from them.

Against the English

English versions all say 'four winds'. The idiom is well enough known that little is lost, though some readers picture literal winds carrying people.

Used elsewhere in the period

Zech 2:6 (scattered 'to the four winds of heaven'); Ezek 37:9 (breath summoned 'from the four winds' to bring Israel's dry bones to life); Dan 7:2 (the 'four winds of heaven' stir up the sea, in the same vision where the Son of Man comes with the clouds); Dan 8:8; 11:4; Jer 49:36; 1 Enoch 76–77; Rev 7:1.

Where it appears

Matthew · 9
  1. Matthew 7:25 ἄνεμοι, winds,

    The rain fell, the torrents raged, and the winds blew and beat against that house; yet it did not fall, because its foundation was on the rock.

    Here: Plural, meaning gusts or storm winds. Together, rain, floodwater and wind attack the house from above, below and the side.

  2. Matthew 7:27 ἄνεμοι, winds,

    The rain fell, the torrents raged, and the winds blew and beat against that house, and it fell—and great was its collapse!”

    Here: Ordinary storm winds. In the very next chapter (8:23–27) Jesus rebukes 'the winds and the sea' and the disciples ask who this is that even the winds obey.

  3. Matthew 8:26 ἀνέμοις winds

    “You of little faith,” Jesus replied, “why are you so afraid?” Then He got up and rebuked the winds and the sea, and it was perfectly calm.

    Here: Plural, 'winds': the gusts driving the storm. Here they are the receivers of a command, which 8:27 says they 'obey'.

  4. Matthew 8:27 ἄνεμοι winds

    The men were amazed and asked, “What kind of man is this? Even the winds and the sea obey Him!”

    Here: Plural, "the winds", as in v. 26 where Jesus rebuked "the winds". The plural pictures the gusts and squalls from different directions that whipped up the storm.

  5. Matthew 11:7 ἀνέμου wind

    As John’s disciples were leaving, Jesus began to speak to the crowds about John: “What did you go out into the wilderness to see? A reed swaying in the wind?

    Here: Wind as an outside force. In Jewish and Greek writing it is a common picture of whatever pushes a person off course (compare Eph 4:14; James 1:6).

  6. Matthew 14:24 ἄνεμος. wind.

    but the boat was already far from land, buffeted by the waves because the wind was against it.

    Here: The physical wind. This wind becomes the focus of the next scene: Peter sees it and is afraid (v. 30), and it stops when Jesus gets into the boat (v. 32).

  7. Matthew 14:30 ἄνεμον wind

    But when he saw the strength of the wind, he was afraid and, beginning to sink, cried out, “Lord, save me!”

    Here: The storm wind of verse 24. Nobody can see wind itself. To “see the wind” is to see what it does: the waves it raises and the spray it drives across the water.

  8. Matthew 14:32 ἄνεμος. wind.

    And when they had climbed back into the boat, the wind died down.

  9. Matthew 24:31 ἀνέμων, winds,

    And He will send out His angels with a loud trumpet call, and they will gather His elect from the four winds, from one end of the heavens to the other.

    Here: 'The four winds' is a biblical way of saying all four directions, so everywhere (Zechariah 2:6; Ezekiel 37:9; Daniel 7:2). It is not about the weather.

Mark · 7
  1. Mark 4:37 ἀνέμου, of wind

    Soon a violent windstorm came up, and the waves were breaking over the boat, so that it was being swamped.

    Here: 'Of wind' says what kind of storm it is: a windstorm. This is the same wind Jesus rebukes in verse 39 and that 'obeys' him in verse 41.

  2. Mark 4:39 ἀνέμῳ ἄνεμος, wind, wind,

    Then Jesus got up and rebuked the wind and the sea. “Silence!” He commanded. “Be still!” And the wind died down, and it was perfectly calm.

    Here: The violent wind of the squall in v.37. It is in the dative case (the case for the person spoken to): Jesus addresses the wind as if it could hear him.

  3. Mark 4:41 ἄνεμος wind

    Overwhelmed with fear, they asked one another, “Who is this, that even the wind and the sea obey Him?”

    Here: 'Wind'. This is the wind Jesus 'rebuked' in v.39. In the Old Testament, wind is something God sends out and calls back (Psalm 135:7; Jonah 1:4).

  4. Mark 6:48 ἄνεμος wind

    He could see that the disciples were straining to row, because the wind was against them. About the fourth watch of the night, Jesus went out to them, walking on the sea. He intended to pass by them,

  5. Mark 6:51 ἄνεμος. wind.

    Then He climbed into the boat with them, and the wind died down. And the disciples were utterly astounded,

    Here: The contrary wind that had pinned the boat in the middle of the lake. Its stopping ends the danger and the struggle.

  6. Mark 13:27 ἀνέμων winds

    And He will send out the angels to gather His elect from the four winds, from the ends of the earth to the ends of heaven.

    Here: In biblical idiom, 'the four winds' are the four directions the winds come from: north, south, east and west. So the phrase means everywhere (Zech 2:6; Dan 7:2; Ezek 37:9).

Luke · 4
  1. Luke 7:24 ἀνέμου [the] wind

    After John’s messengers had left, Jesus began to speak to the crowds about John: “What did you go out into the wilderness to see? A reed swaying in the wind?

  2. Luke 8:23 ἀνέμου of wind

    As they sailed, He fell asleep, and a windstorm came down on the lake, so that the boat was being swamped, and they were in great danger.

  3. Luke 8:24 ἀνέμῳ wind

    The disciples went and woke Him, saying, “Master, Master, we are perishing!” Then Jesus got up and rebuked the wind and the raging waters, and they subsided, and all was calm.

    Here: The wind is addressed directly as the receiver of the rebuke, as if it could hear and obey. This is the windstorm that “came down” on the lake in v. 23.

  4. Luke 8:25 ἀνέμοις winds

    “Where is your faith?” He asked. Frightened and amazed, they asked one another, “Who is this? He commands even the winds and the water, and they obey Him!”

    Here: Plural, "the winds" in general. The force that came down on the lake (v. 23) stands for wind as a power of nature.

John · 1
  1. John 6:18 ἀνέμου by a wind

    A strong wind was blowing, and the sea grew agitated.

    Here: An ordinary physical wind. Its grammatical form shows it belongs to a side clause that sets the scene and explains why the sea was rising.

Acts · 4
  1. Acts 27:4 ἀνέμους winds

    After putting out from there, we sailed to the lee of Cyprus because the winds were against us.

  2. Acts 27:7 ἀνέμου wind

    After sailing slowly for many days, we arrived off Cnidus. When the wind impeded us, we sailed to the lee of Crete, opposite Salmone.

  3. Acts 27:14 ἄνεμος a wind

    But it was not long before a cyclone called the Northeaster swept down across the island.

  4. Acts 27:15 ἀνέμῳ wind

    Unable to head into the wind, the ship was caught up. So we gave way and let ourselves be driven along.

Ephesians · 1
  1. Ephesians 4:14 ἀνέμῳ wind

    Then we will no longer be infants, tossed about by the waves and carried around by every wind of teaching and by the clever cunning of men in their deceitful scheming.

    Here: The thing that does the pushing. In biblical idiom wind also suggests what is changeable and empty: 'windy knowledge' (Job 15:2), 'feeding on wind' (Hosea 12:1).

James · 1
  1. James 3:4 ἀνέμων winds

    Consider ships as well. Although they are so large and are driven by strong winds, they are steered by a very small rudder wherever the pilot is inclined.

    Here: Plural "winds": the real, powerful forces of the open sea that push a ship along.

Jude · 1
  1. Jude 1:12 ἀνέμων winds

    These men are hidden reefs in your love feasts, shamelessly feasting with you but shepherding only themselves. They are clouds without water, carried along by the wind; fruitless trees in autumn, twice dead after being uprooted.

    Here: Plural winds, coming from any direction; the clouds have no course of their own.

Revelation · 3
  1. Revelation 6:13 ἀνέμου a wind

    and the stars of the sky fell to the earth like unripe figs dropping from a tree shaken by a great wind.

    Here: A literal wind in the comparison. In the next chapter (7:1) angels hold back the four winds so that no wind blows on any tree.

  2. Revelation 7:1 ἀνέμους ἄνεμος winds, wind

    After this I saw four angels standing at the four corners of the earth, holding back its four winds so that no wind would blow on land or sea or on any tree.

    Here: Physical winds. In the prophetic tradition they stand for God's destroying judgments sweeping the earth from every side.

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