Hebrew word · H7381

רֵיחַ

reiach-

aroma

rêaḥ: smell or scent. nîḥōaḥ: 'quieting, soothing', from the root נוח, 'to rest, settle'. The phrase is a fixed formula for a sacrifice God accepts. It occurs about 40 times, mostly in Leviticus and Numbers.

Appears 58 times in 55 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) scent, fragrance, aroma, odour

1a) scent, odour

1b) odour of soothing (technical term for sacrifice to God)

Aramaic equivalent: re.ach (רֵיחַ "smell" H7382)

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Jubilees 6:4

Range of meaning

rêaḥ: smell or scent. nîḥōaḥ: 'quieting, soothing', from the root נוח, 'to rest, settle'. The phrase is a fixed formula for a sacrifice God accepts. It occurs about 40 times, mostly in Leviticus and Numbers.

Against the English

Charles's 'goodly savour' (KJV: 'sweet savour') suits the early modern English of his day. Today 'savour' sounds like taste or enjoyment. The Hebrew is about smell, and about the offering calming or settling the relationship, not about pleasing God's appetite.

How it drifted

'Savour' in older English meant both smell and taste. The smell sense has faded, and 'savour' now suggests eating or relishing.

Used elsewhere in the period

The Mesopotamian flood stories have a striking parallel. In Gilgamesh XI, after the hero Utnapishtim sacrifices, 'the gods smelled the sweet savour; the gods gathered like flies over the sacrificer.' Atrahasis III has a similar scene. The Genesis account, which Jubilees follows, keeps the image but drops the hungry, crowding gods. The Greek translation of Genesis renders the phrase osmē euōdias, 'a fragrant smell', which Paul reuses in Ephesians 5:2 and Philippians 4:18.

From the study of Ezekiel 20:28

Range of meaning

'An aroma of soothing/settling.' Nichoach comes from nuach, 'to rest, settle down'. The phrase describes an offering whose smell calms God and wins his favour.

Against the English

KJV 'sweet savour' and WEB 'pleasant aroma' make it sound like a nice smell. BSB 'fragrant incense' shifts it to incense, though the phrase normally refers to burnt animal and grain offerings.

How it drifted

In older English 'sweet savour' carried a sense of acceptability. Today it sounds like nothing more than a pleasant smell.

Used elsewhere in the period

First in Gen 8:21, where the LORD smells Noah's offering and resolves never again to curse the ground, an aroma that turns away wrath. It is constant in Leviticus (1:9, 13, 17; 2:2; 3:5) and Numbers. Ezekiel uses it of idols in 6:13 and 16:19, and of God accepting Israel in 20:41. Compare the Mesopotamian flood story (Gilgamesh XI), where the gods gather 'like flies' at the smell of the sacrifice.

From the study of Ezekiel 20:41

Range of meaning

A fixed priestly formula, literally 'smell of soothing/quieting'. Nîḥōaḥ is related to nûaḥ, 'to rest, settle'. It describes the smoke of a burnt offering (and some other offerings) going up to God and being welcomed. It implies that the offering calms or pleases him and brings about a peaceful relationship. In the Old Testament it occurs almost only in priestly texts (Leviticus, Numbers, Exodus 29) and in Ezekiel.

Against the English

KJV's 'sweet savour' now sounds like taste ('savoury'). 'Pleasing aroma' and 'fragrant aroma' sound like perfume or cooking. NASB's 'soothing aroma' keeps the root idea of calming. NIV's 'fragrant incense' moves the image from the altar of burnt offering to the incense altar, which is a different ritual (qəṭōret).

How it drifted

English 'savour' shifted toward taste, and 'aroma' carries no sacrificial meaning. A modern reader hears 'you'll smell nice to God', not 'you will be the offering whose smoke God welcomes and that settles relations between him and you'.

Used elsewhere in the period

Genesis 8:21 (after Noah's sacrifice, with a play on Noah's name Nōaḥ); Leviticus 1:9, 13, 17 and often. Leviticus 26:31 threatens: 'I will not smell your soothing aromas', so in covenant curse God refuses the offerings. Ezekiel uses the phrase against Israel: they gave 'soothing aroma' to idols (6:13; 16:19; 20:28). The Septuagint renders osmē euōdias, 'smell of fragrance', the phrase Paul later uses in Ephesians 5:2 and Philippians 4:18. Comparable ideas appear in other ancient Near Eastern texts, e.g. the gods gathering 'like flies' at the smell of the sacrifice in the Mesopotamian flood story (Gilgamesh XI).

Where it appears

Genesis · 4
  1. Genesis 8:21 רֵ֣יחַ [the] odor of

    When the LORD smelled the pleasing aroma, He said in His heart, “Never again will I curse the ground because of man, even though every inclination of his heart is evil from his youth. And never again will I destroy all living creatures as I have done.

    Here: The smell rising from the burnt offering. It comes from the same root as the verb just before it, so the sound repeats: 'he smelled the smell.'

  2. Genesis 27:27 רֵ֥יחַ רֵ֣יחַ כְּרֵ֣יחַ [the] smell of, [is] like [the] smell of

    So he came near and kissed him. When Isaac smelled his clothing, he blessed him and said: “Ah, the smell of my son is like the smell of a field that the LORD has blessed.

    Here: The first of three uses of “smell” in the verse. Repeating the word keeps the reader focused on the one sense Isaac is now trusting.

Exodus · 4
  1. Exodus 5:21 רֵיחֵ֗נוּ odor our

    “May the LORD look upon you and judge you,” the foremen said, “for you have made us a stench before Pharaoh and his officials; you have placed in their hand a sword to kill us!”

  2. Exodus 29:18 רֵ֣יחַ [is] an odor of

    Then burn the entire ram on the altar; it is a burnt offering to the LORD, a pleasing aroma, a food offering to the LORD.

    Here: "An aroma of…" This is the smell of the smoke going up. The phrase pictures God taking in the offering the way a person takes in a scent.

  3. Exodus 29:25 לְרֵ֤יחַ to an odor of

    Then take them from their hands and burn them on the altar atop the burnt offering as a pleasing aroma before the LORD; it is a food offering to the LORD.

  4. Exodus 29:41 לְרֵ֣יחַ to an odor of

    And offer the second lamb at twilight with the same grain offering and drink offering as in the morning, as a pleasing aroma, a food offering to the LORD.

Leviticus · 17
  1. Leviticus 1:9 רֵֽיחַ־ an odor of

    The entrails and legs must be washed with water, and the priest shall burn all of it on the altar as a burnt offering, a food offering, a pleasing aroma to the LORD.

    Here: 'A scent of…' The smoke rising from the altar is pictured as a smell that reaches God, borrowing the language of a guest sharing a meal.

  2. Leviticus 1:13 רֵ֥יחַ an odor of

    The entrails and legs must be washed with water, and the priest shall present all of it and burn it on the altar; it is a burnt offering, a food offering, a pleasing aroma to the LORD.

  3. Leviticus 1:17 רֵ֥יחַ an odor of

    He shall tear it open by its wings, without dividing the bird completely. And the priest is to burn it on the altar atop the burning wood. It is a burnt offering, a food offering, a pleasing aroma to the LORD.

  4. Leviticus 2:2 רֵ֥יחַ an odor of

    and bring it to Aaron’s sons the priests. The priest shall take a handful of the flour and oil, together with all the frankincense, and burn this as a memorial portion on the altar, a food offering, a pleasing aroma to the LORD.

    Here: 'A scent of': the smell of the oily grain and incense rising from the fire, pictured as reaching God.

  5. Leviticus 2:9 רֵ֥יחַ an odor of

    The priest is to remove the memorial portion from the grain offering and burn it on the altar as a food offering, a pleasing aroma to the LORD.

  6. Leviticus 2:12 לְרֵ֥יחַ to an odor of

    You may bring them to the LORD as an offering of firstfruits, but they must not go up on the altar as a pleasing aroma.

  7. Leviticus 3:5 רֵ֥יחַ an odor of

    Then Aaron’s sons are to burn it on the altar atop the burnt offering that is on the burning wood, as a food offering, a pleasing aroma to the LORD.

    Here: "An aroma of": the smell of the smoke rising from the altar, pictured as reaching God.

  8. Leviticus 3:16 לְרֵ֣יחַ to an odor of

    Then the priest is to burn the food on the altar as a food offering, a pleasing aroma. All the fat is the LORD’s.

    Here: 'For a scent'. The smoke rising from the altar is pictured as a smell that reaches God.

  9. Leviticus 4:31 לְרֵ֥יחַ to an odor of

    Then he is to remove all the fat, just as it is removed from the peace offering, and the priest is to burn it on the altar as a pleasing aroma to the LORD. In this way the priest will make atonement for him, and he will be forgiven.

    Here: 'As a scent', the purpose or result of the smoke rising.

  10. Leviticus 6:15 רֵ֧יחַ an odor of

    The priest is to remove a handful of fine flour and olive oil, together with all the frankincense from the grain offering, and burn the memorial portion on the altar as a pleasing aroma to the LORD.

  11. Leviticus 6:21 רֵֽיחַ־ an odor of

    It shall be prepared with oil on a griddle; you are to bring it well-kneaded and present it as a grain offering broken in pieces, a pleasing aroma to the LORD.

  12. Leviticus 8:21 לְרֵֽיחַ־ to an odor of

    He washed the entrails and legs with water and burned the entire ram on the altar as a burnt offering, a pleasing aroma, a food offering to the LORD, just as the LORD had commanded Moses.

  13. Leviticus 8:28 לְרֵ֣יחַ to an odor of

    Then Moses took these from their hands and burned them on the altar with the burnt offering. This was an ordination offering, a pleasing aroma, a food offering to the LORD.

  14. Leviticus 17:6 לְרֵ֥יחַ to an odor of

    The priest will then splatter the blood on the altar of the LORD at the entrance to the Tent of Meeting and burn the fat as a pleasing aroma to the LORD.

  15. Leviticus 23:13 רֵ֣יחַ an odor of

    along with its grain offering of two-tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with oil—a food offering to the LORD, a pleasing aroma—and its drink offering of a quarter hin of wine.

    Here: 'A scent of.' This is the smoke rising from the altar, pictured as reaching God.

  16. Leviticus 23:18 רֵֽיחַ־ an odor of

    Along with the bread you are to present seven unblemished male lambs a year old, one young bull, and two rams. They will be a burnt offering to the LORD, together with their grain offerings and drink offerings—a food offering, a pleasing aroma to the LORD.

  17. Leviticus 26:31 בְּרֵ֖יחַ <in> [the] odor of

    I will reduce your cities to rubble and lay waste your sanctuaries, and I will refuse to smell the pleasing aroma of your sacrifices.

    Here: "The scent of." The noun shares its root with the verb before it (ʾārîaḥ bərêaḥ, "I will not scent the scent"), so the clause rings with repeated sound.

Numbers · 18
  1. Numbers 15:3 רֵ֤יחַ an odor of

    and you present a food offering to the LORD from the herd or flock to produce a pleasing aroma to the LORD—either a burnt offering or a sacrifice, for a special vow or freewill offering or appointed feast—

    Here: The smell of the burning offering rising from the altar, pictured as reaching God.

  2. Numbers 15:7 רֵֽיחַ־ an odor of

    and a third of a hin of wine as a drink offering, a pleasing aroma to the LORD.

  3. Numbers 15:10 רֵֽיחַ־ an odor of

    Also present half a hin of wine as a drink offering. It is a food offering, a pleasing aroma to the LORD.

  4. Numbers 15:13 רֵֽיחַ־ an odor of

    Everyone who is native-born shall prepare these things in this way when he presents a food offering as a pleasing aroma to the LORD.

  5. Numbers 15:14 רֵֽיחַ־ an odor of

    And for the generations to come, if a foreigner residing with you or someone else among you wants to prepare a food offering as a pleasing aroma to the LORD, he is to do exactly as you do.

  6. Numbers 15:24 לְרֵ֤יחַ to an odor of

    and if it was done unintentionally without the knowledge of the congregation, then the whole congregation is to prepare one young bull as a burnt offering, a pleasing aroma to the LORD, with its grain offering and drink offering according to the regulation, and one male goat as a sin offering.

  7. Numbers 18:17 לְרֵ֥יחַ to an odor of

    But you must not redeem the firstborn of an ox, a sheep, or a goat; they are holy. You are to splatter their blood on the altar and burn their fat as a food offering, a pleasing aroma to the LORD.

  8. Numbers 28:2 רֵ֚יחַ [the] odor of

    “Command the Israelites and say to them: See that you present to Me at its appointed time the food for My food offerings, as a pleasing aroma to Me.

  9. Numbers 28:6 לְרֵ֣יחַ to an odor of

    This is a regular burnt offering established at Mount Sinai as a pleasing aroma, a food offering to the LORD.

  10. Numbers 28:8 רֵ֥יחַ an odor of

    And offer the second lamb at twilight, with the same grain offering and drink offering as in the morning. It is a food offering, a pleasing aroma to the LORD.

  11. Numbers 28:13 רֵ֣יחַ an odor of

    and a tenth of an ephah of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering with each lamb. This is a burnt offering, a pleasing aroma, a food offering to the LORD.

  12. Numbers 28:24 רֵֽיחַ־ an odor of

    Offer the same food each day for seven days as a food offering, a pleasing aroma to the LORD. It is to be offered with its drink offering and the regular burnt offering.

  13. Numbers 28:27 לְרֵ֤יחַ to an odor of

    Present a burnt offering of two young bulls, one ram, and seven male lambs a year old as a pleasing aroma to the LORD,

  14. Numbers 29:2 לְרֵ֤יחַ to an odor of

    As a pleasing aroma to the LORD, you are to present a burnt offering of one young bull, one ram, and seven male lambs a year old, all unblemished,

  15. Numbers 29:6 לְרֵ֣יחַ to an odor of

    These are in addition to the monthly and daily burnt offerings with their prescribed grain offerings and drink offerings. They are a pleasing aroma, a food offering to the LORD.

  16. Numbers 29:8 רֵ֣יחַ an odor of

    Present as a pleasing aroma to the LORD a burnt offering of one young bull, one ram, and seven male lambs a year old, all unblemished,

  17. Numbers 29:13 רֵ֤יחַ an odor of

    As a pleasing aroma to the LORD, you are to present a food offering, a burnt offering of thirteen young bulls, two rams, and fourteen male lambs a year old, all unblemished,

  18. Numbers 29:36 רֵ֤יחַ an odor of

    As a pleasing aroma to the LORD, you are to present a food offering, a burnt offering of one bull, one ram, and seven male lambs a year old, all unblemished,

Job · 1
  1. Job 14:9 מֵרֵ֣יחַ from [the] scent of

    at the scent of water it will bud and put forth twigs like a sapling.

Song of Songs · 8
  1. Song of Songs 1:3 לְרֵ֙יחַ֙ to odor

    The fragrance of your perfume is pleasing; your name is like perfume poured out. No wonder the maidens adore you.

    Here: With the prefix le- ('for, as to'), it specifies the respect in which the oils are good: 'as for scent.' Elsewhere this is the word in 'pleasing aroma' to God (rêaḥ niḥoaḥ) in Leviticus, but here it is the smell of a lover's body oils.

  2. Song of Songs 1:12 רֵיחֽוֹ׃ odor its

    While the king was at his table, my perfume spread its fragrance.

  3. Song of Songs 2:13 רֵ֑יחַ odor

    The fig tree ripens its figs; the blossoming vines spread their fragrance. Arise, come away, my darling; come away with me, my beautiful one.”

  4. Song of Songs 4:10 וְרֵ֥יחַ and [the] odor of

    How delightful is your love, my sister, my bride! Your love is much better than wine, and the fragrance of your perfume than all spices.

  5. Song of Songs 4:11 וְרֵ֥יחַ כְּרֵ֥יחַ and [the] odor of, [is] like [the] odor of

    Your lips, my bride, drip sweetness like the honeycomb; honey and milk are under your tongue, and the fragrance of your garments is like the aroma of Lebanon.

    Here: "And the scent of." The word is itself neutral, but context makes it pleasant here, and it picks up "the scent of your oils" from the verse before.

  6. Song of Songs 7:8 וְרֵ֥יחַ and [the] odor of

    I said, “I will climb the palm tree; I will take hold of its fruit.” May your breasts be like clusters of the vine, the fragrance of your breath like apples,

  7. Song of Songs 7:13 רֵ֗יחַ an odor

    The mandrakes send forth a fragrance, and at our door is every delicacy, new as well as old, that I have treasured up for you, my beloved.

Jeremiah · 1
  1. Jeremiah 48:11 וְרֵיח֖וֹ and aroma its

    Moab has been at ease from youth, settled like wine on its dregs; he has not been poured from vessel to vessel or gone into exile. So his flavor has remained the same, and his aroma is unchanged.

    Here: 'And his scent', the wine's bouquet. Smell and taste together make up the wine's whole character.

Ezekiel · 4
  1. Ezekiel 6:13 רֵ֣יחַ an odor of

    Then you will know that I am the LORD, when their slain lie among their idols around their altars, on every high hill, on all the mountaintops, and under every green tree and leafy oak—the places where they offered fragrant incense to all their idols.

    Here: The smell of offerings burning on an altar.

  2. Ezekiel 16:19 לְרֵ֥יחַ to an odor of

    And you set before them as a pleasing aroma the food I had given you—the fine flour, oil, and honey that I had fed you. That is what happened, declares the Lord GOD.

    Here: 'For a scent of.' This begins a set phrase from sacrifice language: the smell of an offering going up to the deity.

  3. Ezekiel 20:28 רֵ֚יחַ [the] odor of

    When I brought them into the land that I swore to give them and they saw any high hill or leafy tree, there they offered their sacrifices, presented offerings that provoked Me, sent up their fragrant incense, and poured out their drink offerings.

    Here: The smell rising from an offering burned on the altar.

  4. Ezekiel 20:41 בְּרֵ֣יחַ <in> an odor of

    When I bring you from the peoples and gather you from the lands to which you have been scattered, I will accept you as a pleasing aroma. And I will show My holiness through you in the sight of the nations.

    Here: The preposition 'in/with/as' plus 'smell'. It opens the verse, so the sacrifice image comes first: before anything else is said, Israel is pictured as the smoke of an offering rising to God.

Hosea · 1
  1. Hosea 14:6 וְרֵ֥יחַֽ and fragrance

    His shoots will sprout, and his splendor will be like the olive tree, his fragrance like the cedars of Lebanon.

    Here: 'And fragrance'. The same noun is used for the pleasing aroma of sacrifices and for the scent of a lover in Song of Songs. Here it adds smell to the picture: restored Israel can be sensed from a distance.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.