ὅσος

From the study of Matthew 18:18

Range of meaning

'As many things as ever', 'whatever'. It is an indefinite relative construction for general, open-ended cases. ὅσα is neuter plural ('things'), not masculine ('whoever').

Against the English

'Whatever' is accurate, but English readers hearing it in isolation can take it as a blank cheque for anything at all.

Used elsewhere in the period

Common in Matthew for broad but context-bound statements (e.g., 7:12 'whatever you wish that others would do'; 28:20 'all that I commanded').

From the study of Romans 8:14

Range of meaning

A matching pair, 'as many as … these', used to mark out a group exactly. The 'these' looks back and adds emphasis: 'these are the ones'.

Against the English

BSB, ESV and NIV render it smoothly as 'all who … are', which loses the emphatic 'these'. KJV ('they are'), YLT and WEB ('these are') keep it.

Used elsewhere in the period

Paul uses the same construction in Gal 3:10 ('as many as are of works of law are under a curse') and in Gal 6:16. In both it marks out a group, not a select few within the group.

From the study of Galatians 3:27

Range of meaning

"As many as", "all who". A word of quantity that covers everyone in a group without exception.

Against the English

KJV, WEB and ESV keep "as many of you as". BSB, NIV and NASB smooth it to "all of you who". Both work. "All of you who" brings out the link to "all" in verses 26 and 28 more clearly.

Used elsewhere in the period

A common word throughout Koine Greek. Paul uses the same form in Gal 3:10 ("as many as are of works of law") and 6:12, 16, setting up groups defined by what they rely on.