Aramaic word · H1722

דְּהַב

dehav

gold

Gold, both as a material and as wealth. Aramaic equivalent of Hebrew zāhāb. In v.32 it is 'fine/good gold' (dəhab ṭāb).

A Biblical Aramaic word, from the parts of the Old Testament written in Aramaic. Why Aramaic?

Appears 23 times in 23 verses of the Aramaic of the Old Testament. ·

What it means

gold

Aramaic of za.hav (זָהָב "gold" H2091)

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Daniel 2:38

Range of meaning

Gold, both as a material and as wealth. Aramaic equivalent of Hebrew zāhāb. In v.32 it is 'fine/good gold' (dəhab ṭāb).

Against the English

No real difference among the translations.

Used elsewhere in the period

Babylon's gold was famous. Herodotus (Histories 1.181–183) describes the great golden statue and furnishings in the temple of Bel (Marduk) at Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar's building inscriptions boast of covering the Esagila temple with gold. Ranking ages or kingdoms by metal, from gold down, also appears in Hesiod's Works and Days (gold, silver, bronze, heroes, iron) and in a later Persian (Zoroastrian) text using four metals, though that text's date is disputed.

From the study of Daniel 3:1

Range of meaning

Gold as a metal and material; gold objects. It is often associated with royalty, divinity and highest value.

Against the English

'Golden statue' (BSB) or 'image of gold' (KJV) are both accurate. Modern readers often picture solid gold, which a 27-metre figure almost certainly was not.

Used elsewhere in the period

Ancient cult statues described as 'of gold' were usually a wooden core overlaid with gold leaf or plates (Isaiah 40:19; Jeremiah 10:3–4; Exodus 37 for overlaid temple furniture). Herodotus (Histories 1.183) describes a huge golden seated statue of Bel (Marduk) and a golden standing statue about 12 cubits high in Babylon's temple precinct. In Daniel 2:32, 38 gold is the metal of Nebuchadnezzar's own kingdom.

From the study of Daniel 5:4

Range of meaning

Gold. It is used for the dream statue's head (2:32, 38: 'you are that head of gold'), Nebuchadnezzar's golden image (3:1–18), the temple vessels (5:2–3), and the gold chain given to Daniel (5:7, 16, 29).

Against the English

No drift.

Used elsewhere in the period

Babylonian cult statues were famously covered in gold. Herodotus 1.183 describes a massive gold statue in the temple of Bel (Marduk) in Babylon, and the Letter of Jeremiah mocks Babylon's gold-covered gods (Bar 6:8–11, 24, 39, 50). In Daniel 1:2 Nebuchadnezzar puts the Jerusalem vessels 'in the treasury of his god'.

Where it appears

Ezra · 5
  1. Ezra 5:14 דַהֲבָ֣ה <the> gold

    He also removed from the temple of Babylon the gold and silver articles belonging to the house of God, which Nebuchadnezzar had taken and carried there from the temple in Jerusalem. King Cyrus gave these articles to a man named Sheshbazzar, whom he appointed governor

    Here: 'The gold.' The vessels were precious metal, which is why they were worth looting and worth keeping as trophies.

  2. Ezra 6:5 דַהֲבָ֣ה <the> gold

    Furthermore, the gold and silver articles of the house of God, which Nebuchadnezzar took from the temple in Jerusalem and carried to Babylon, must also be returned to the temple in Jerusalem and deposited in the house of God.

  3. Ezra 7:15 וּדְהַ֑ב and gold

    Moreover, you are to take with you the silver and gold that the king and his counselors have freely offered to the God of Israel, whose dwelling is in Jerusalem,

  4. Ezra 7:16 וּדְהַ֔ב and [the] gold

    together with all the silver and gold you may find in all the province of Babylon, as well as the freewill offerings of the people and priests to the house of their God in Jerusalem.

  5. Ezra 7:18 וְדַהֲבָ֖ה and gold the

    You and your brothers may do whatever seems best with the rest of the silver and gold, according to the will of your God.

Daniel · 18
  1. Daniel 2:32 דְהַ֣ב gold

    The head of the statue was pure gold, its chest and arms were silver, its belly and thighs were bronze,

  2. Daniel 2:35 וְדַהֲבָ֗א and gold the

    Then the iron, clay, bronze, silver, and gold were shattered and became like chaff on the threshing floor in summer. The wind carried them away, and not a trace of them could be found. But the stone that had struck the statue became a great mountain and filled the whole earth.

    Here: The golden head, which Daniel will identify with Nebuchadnezzar himself (v.38). It comes last and is still caught in the same destruction: even the king's own glory is ground to dust.

  3. Daniel 2:38 דַהֲבָֽא׃ <the> gold

    Wherever the sons of men or beasts of the field or birds of the air dwell, He has given them into your hand and has made you ruler over them all. You are that head of gold.

    Here: Gold, the most precious metal in the statue (v.32 calls it 'fine gold'). It marks Babylon's kingdom as the most splendid of the series. The book returns to this in chapter 3, where the king raises an image made entirely of gold.

  4. Daniel 2:45 וְדַהֲבָ֔א and gold the

    And just as you saw a stone being cut out of the mountain without human hands, and it shattered the iron, bronze, clay, silver, and gold, so the great God has told the king what will happen in the future. The dream is true, and its interpretation is trustworthy.”

    Here: "And the gold." Daniel had told Nebuchadnezzar, "You are that head of gold" (2:38). So the list ends with the king's own kingdom being ground to dust.

  5. Daniel 3:1 דְהַ֔ב gold

    King Nebuchadnezzar made a golden statue sixty cubits high and six cubits wide, and he set it up on the plain of Dura in the province of Babylon.

    Here: 'Gold'. This recalls the dream in chapter 2, where only the head was gold and Daniel told the king 'you are that head of gold' (2:38). Now the whole statue is gold. Large statues 'of gold' were normally wooden or metal frames covered in gold.

  6. Daniel 3:5 דַּהֲבָ֔א <the> gold

    As soon as you hear the sound of the horn, flute, zither, lyre, harp, pipes, and all kinds of music, you must fall down and worship the golden statue that King Nebuchadnezzar has set up.

  7. Daniel 3:7 דַּהֲבָ֔א <the> gold

    Therefore, as soon as all the people heard the sound of the horn, flute, zither, lyre, harp, and all kinds of music, the people of every nation and language would fall down and worship the golden statue that King Nebuchadnezzar had set up.

  8. Daniel 3:10 דַּהֲבָֽא׃ <the> gold

    You, O king, have issued a decree that everyone who hears the sound of the horn, flute, zither, lyre, harp, pipes, and all kinds of music must fall down and worship the golden statue,

  9. Daniel 3:12 דַּהֲבָ֛א <the> gold

    But there are some Jews you have appointed to manage the province of Babylon—Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego—who have ignored you, O king, and have refused to serve your gods or worship the golden statue you have set up.”

    Here: 'Of gold', probably gold-plated. It recalls 2:38, 'you are the head of gold'. This statue is gold from top to bottom.

  10. Daniel 3:14 דַּהֲבָ֛א <the> gold

    and Nebuchadnezzar said to them, “Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, is it true that you do not serve my gods or worship the golden statue I have set up?

    Here: "The gold." This is the image of gold, and it echoes chapter 2, where Nebuchadnezzar alone was "the head of gold" (2:38). He now makes the whole statue gold.

  11. Daniel 3:18 דַּהֲבָ֛א <the> gold

    But even if He does not, let it be known to you, O king, that we will not serve your gods or worship the golden statue you have set up.”

    Here: "Of gold". This is the refrain of the whole chapter: the "golden image". It recalls the statue in Nebuchadnezzar's dream in chapter 2, whose head of gold stood for him.

  12. Daniel 5:2 דַּהֲבָ֣א <the> gold

    Under the influence of the wine, Belshazzar gave orders to bring in the gold and silver vessels that Nebuchadnezzar his father had taken from the temple in Jerusalem, so that the king could drink from them, along with his nobles, his wives, and his concubines.

    Here: "Of gold." Gold runs through Daniel's court stories (the gold image in ch. 3, the head of gold in ch. 2), and v.4 picks it up again in the "gods of gold" they praise.

  13. Daniel 5:3 דַהֲבָ֔א <the> gold

    Thus they brought in the gold vessels that had been taken from the temple, the house of God in Jerusalem, and the king drank from them, along with his nobles, his wives, and his concubines.

  14. Daniel 5:4 דַּהֲבָ֧א <the> gold

    As they drank the wine, they praised their gods of gold and silver, bronze and iron, wood and stone.

    Here: 'The gold.' First and most valuable on the list. It is also the first metal of Nebuchadnezzar's dream statue (2:32, 38) and the metal of his golden image (3:1).

  15. Daniel 5:7 דַהֲבָא֙ <the> gold

    The king called out for the enchanters, astrologers, and diviners to be brought in, and he said to these wise men of Babylon, “Whoever reads this inscription and tells me its interpretation will be clothed in purple and have a gold chain placed around his neck, and he will be made the third highest ruler in the kingdom.”

    Here: 'Gold'. Ironically, the same gold that fills the feast's sacrilegious vessels (vv. 2–4).

  16. Daniel 5:16 דַהֲבָא֙ <the> gold

    But I have heard about you, that you are able to give interpretations and solve difficult problems. Therefore, if you can read this inscription and give me its interpretation, you will be clothed in purple and have a gold chain placed around your neck, and you will be made the third highest ruler in the kingdom.”

  17. Daniel 5:23 וְ֠דַהֲבָא and <the> gold

    Instead, you have exalted yourself against the Lord of heaven. The vessels from His house were brought to you, and as you drank wine from them with your nobles, wives, and concubines, you praised your gods of silver and gold, bronze and iron, wood and stone, which cannot see or hear or understand. But you have failed to glorify the God who holds in His hand your very breath and all your ways.

    Here: 'And the gold.' There is an irony here: the gold vessels of the true God are used to toast gods that are themselves only gold.

  18. Daniel 5:29 דַהֲבָ֖א <the> gold

    Then Belshazzar gave the command, and they clothed Daniel in purple, placed a gold chain around his neck, and proclaimed him the third highest ruler in the kingdom.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.